1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. % From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. 15. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. It featured a clean division between home front and battlefield and left the United States largely unscathed, with the sole and notable exception of the attack on Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. Acquisition may refer to: . The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. Also available in digital form. The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. Though the overseas basing system shrank considerably in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the United States held onto hundreds of bases. Most U.S. historians, especially when working on the zoomed-out, textbook level, implicitly take as their unit of analysis only a part of the United States, the contiguous part. For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). 20. "The United States have always protested against the doctrine of international law which permits the subjugation of the weak by the strong. The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. But California was the extreme. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 This was not a freak event. The reason has not just to do with our conception of empire. A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. 43. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. It is generally held to be an illegal act. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. Arguments for U.S. The company operated by providing a network of support infrastructure for adventuring groups, which were referred to as franchises. Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. The map shows the thirteen original states and the territories acquired in 1783, the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, Florida purchased from Spain in 1819, the Texas annexation in 1845, the Oregon Country acquired by the treaty with Great Britain in 1846, the Mexican cession of western territories in . under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. 39. https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. For a very long time, in fact. Perhaps not coincidentally, this was precisely the time when the Wisconsin School developed its understanding of U.S. empire as an informal undertaking. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. Paul Kramer, in his portrait of the United States as a nation-based empire, presents a significantly modified version of the Williams thesis that is skeptical of the clean formal/informal distinction: Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World, American Historical Review 116, no. Theodore Friend writes that at least 500,000 Filipinos, 300,000 Japanese, and 40,000 mainlanders were killed in Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 19291946 (New Haven, CT, 1965), 267. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. At its establishment in 1834, Indian Territory extended from the top of present-day Texas to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi to the Rockies. 3 (1933): 44874. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. Mexican Cession. David Rumsey Map Collection. Takeover, the purchase of one company by another; Mergers and acquisitions, transactions in which the ownership of companies or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities; Procurement, finding, agreeing terms and acquiring goods, services or works from an external source; Library acquisitions, department of a library responsible for . In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. 25. It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain After thousands of whites poured into the territory, many in breach of federal law, it was eventually admitted as a white-majority state in 1907. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. Municipal annexation is a process by which a municipality expands its boundaries into nearby, usually adjacent, unincorporated areas. In a series of cases from 1901 to 1922, known as the Insular Cases , the Supreme Court considered whether the territories were part of the United States as referred to in the Constitution, i.e., it asked whether the Constitution applied to them. It is tempting to think that the overseas territories can be safely dismissed in this way because they were small and remote. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000 only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. <> The first arc in the history of the Greater United States, concerning western territories, is obviously central to any telling of U.S. history, and has been since at least Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis. 1846. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. 3 0 obj HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . 29. 15. 161. United States--Foreign relations, - But thats not it. Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). Spanish-America War; fully independent in 1946, Annexed following Spanish-America War; currently a endobj Passage to statehood did come quickly in some cases, such as gold-rush California. (William B.) Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes), Home About Services Privacy Reviews Login, Copyright 2023 Academic Cave | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, Click one of our contacts below to chat on WhatsApp. United States--Territorial expansion. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. 22. 9. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. <>>> Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. The Greater United States (1904), . More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . 2 0 obj Annexation of independent republic. We destroyed roads, public buildings, and bridges. 36. 8. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. endstream Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. This was a war, not over latitudes but points, in which particular spots on the mapthe Green Zone in Iraq, black-site prisons sprinkled throughout foreign countries, Guam, Guantnamo Bay, the all-important military base of Diego Garciatook on outsize significance. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. It included an extended period of martial law in Hawaii. Each franchise was licensed to operate within a . It languished as a territory for 104 years between annexation and statehood. <> 6 Although this is strange to contemplate, we are now as chronologically distant from that book as that book was from the Philippine-American War. The aim was to protect the lives of U.S. soldiers, but the cost was borne by Filipinos, large numbers of whom were killed in the crossfire. 1959, Annexation of independent republic; Statehood 1959, Acquired with Hawaii; under the jurisdiction of the A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. They had even more people in the past. Includes note, list to poplulation by states, and a bar graph showing the National Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . Relief shown by hachures. 46. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 I jokingly describe this to my students as the Menacing Eagle School of History, after the many books in this vein whose covers depict eagles attacking the globe. 24 Today, we can add another major form of territorial extension to the story: overseas military bases. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. But the second arc, concerning overseas territories, is regarded as less so. For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). 36. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. Our narratives register not only the black experience but, moreover, the ways in which the changing position of African Americans drove key episodes in national history. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. 1; and Rebecca Tinio McKennas study of a colonial hill station in American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines (Chicago, IL, forthcoming). At upper left margin: No. If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. When we factor the territories in, were left not with the logo mapthe familiar compact and static land mass. Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. 8. Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited; It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. U.S. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2016. 44. ",#(7),01444'9=82. 6. can i please get some help with this :) Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. After all, many groups have contested U.S. rule, from Southern confederates to black nationalists. Has the organization manage. On the eve of the Second World War, the United States had the worlds fifth-largest empire on the planet by population. 4. Also available in digital form. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. independent as Republic of the Marshall In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). Don't use plagiarized sources. African Americans, frequently understood to be victims of internal colonization, are a small and subjugated part of the population. The question of territory was there from the start. In popular memory, it remains the good war, a war focused mainly on the goal of stopping Hitlers crusade through Europe. <> 38. Diplomatic History used to be like that. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. 14. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. Surely its meaningful that the present editors of this journal, Nick Cullather and Anne Foster, are both historians of the Philippines. 11. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. Baker Island Howland Island . You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. Despite his extraordinary career, Albizu doesnt have much of a place in U.S. historiography. 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. Kate Zernike, A Palin Joined Alaskan Third Party, Just Not Sarah Palin, New York Times , September 3, 2008. The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907).

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