THE DOCTRINE OF TOTAL DEPRAVITY Let us begin with a review of what John Calvin taught on the human condition after the Fall of Adam and the possibility of return to communion with God, the first item in the TULIP construct: Total Depravity. 1:6; Rom. However, the theological point remains the same. 15 For He says to Moses, I will have mercy on whomever I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whomever I will have compassion. 16 So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who shows mercy. 3. It also maintains that within the Bible are the following teachings: That God, by His sovereign grace predestines people into salvation; that Jesus died only for those predestined; that God regenerates the individual where he is then able and wants to choose God; and that it is impossible for those who are redeemed to lose their salvation.2calvinistcorner.com/tulip.htm. Rom. Total Depravity is a critical, first lesson that one must learn if they are to truly grasp the depth, beauty, and richness of God's sovereign grace. 2:10; 2 Thess. What does total depravity mean? Total depravity does not mean that man is without a conscience or any sense of right and wrong. 11:20; 1 Sam. . The only way in which a person can escape this radical situation is by the Holy Spirits changing the core, the heart. Support for this belief comes from verses that say Jesus died for "many," such as Matthew 20:28 and Hebrews 9:28. 1:4). Five Point Calvinism is commonly referred to by the acronym TULIP. You might think of an archfiend of history such as Adolf Hitler and say there was absolutely no redeeming virtue in the man, but I suspect that he had some affection for his mother. Peoples sin debts were transferred to Jesus (1 Pet. These are your two choice for or against the Gospel found in Scripture. For they are not all Israel who are of Israel, 7 nor are they all children because they are the seed of Abraham; but, In Isaac your seed shall be called. 8 That is, those who are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God; but the children of the promise are counted as the seed. 9:16; Ex. This doctrine has been adopted by the Catholics, Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventists, Assemblies of God, Church of God . Proverbs 21:1 The kings heart is in the hand of the LORD, Like the rivers of water; He turns it wherever He wishes. Certainly not! U - Unconditional Election. Issue 12: John Calvin: Reformer, Pastor, Theologian, 1272 Thomas Aquinas Concludes His Word on Summa Theologiae. Spurgeon was not shy in preaching this truth: The fact is, that man is a reeking mass of corruption. TULIP: Total Depravity w/Casey Chalk In today's episode we examine the first part of TULIP, a commonly used acronym to summarize the key tenets of Protestant Reformed theology. Use the links to the right (or below) to jump quickly to the proper place you would like to go to. 51:5). The saved people are called the Elect. "search the Scriptures" (John 5:39). 1:4; 1 Thess. The following are the five points of Calvinism listed, explained, and supported with scripture. Some would day that they agree with only the first two points of the acronym TULIP but rejects the rest. This does not mean that every person is as evil as they could be or that there is an absolute absence of anything one might call "good," but that every . T stands for total depravity, U for unconditional election, L for limited atonement, I for irresistible grace, and P for perseverance of the saints. Along with Calvinism, Lutherans affirm that when one is saved, it is the result of sovereign grace overcoming the sinners fallen will, and not in any way the result of a free decision on the part of man. I do not speak of all of you. However, we confess that some do depart from the faith, and lose their salvation. The Five Points of Calvinism. 9:1118 [vs. Calvinism in the Early Church (The Doctrines of Grace taught by the Early Church Fathers) An Estimate of Calvin's Character by William Wileman - A must read!. Total depravity was not one of Calvin's five points; total inability was. The body, the mind, the will, the spiritindeed, the whole personhave been infected by the power of sin. Hence, they are called the five points of Calvinism. He was concerned that Calvinist doctrines made God the author of sin and wanted to stress the importance of faith and holiness in the Christian life. Galatians 1:15-17 But when it pleased God, who separated me from my mothers womb and called me through His grace, 16 to reveal His Son in me, that I might preach Him among the Gentiles, I did not immediately confer with flesh and blood, 17 nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me; but I went to Arabia, and returned again to Damascus. Summarizing the Canons of Dort with the acronym TULIP has, IMO, done a lot of harm, but it's hard to get away from at this point. Irresistible grace is the belief that God brings his Elect to salvation through an internal call, which they are powerless to resist. So the idea of total in total depravity doesnt mean that all human beings are as wicked as they can possibly be. If you have any issues, please call the office at 385-246-1048 or email us at [emailprotected], by Matt Slick | Feb 18, 2023 | Questions, Salvation. View our current career opportunities. Total depravity is the extensive ruin of man's nature. 42:1; 1 Pet. Virtually every church historically that has a creed or a confession has agreed that something very serious happened to the human race as a result of the first sinthat first sin resulted in original sin. 2 Timothy 2:10 Therefore I endure all things for the sake of the elect, that they also may obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus with eternal glory. The TULIP stands for Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and Perseverance of the saints. John 15:19 If you were of the world, the world would love its own. Calvinism is a rare theology: It can be explained simply using a five-letter acronym: TULIP. Because of unbelief they were broken off, and you stand by faith. 1:15) and for his glory (Isaiah 43:7). The fires were soon rekindled by his followers. Along with Calvinism, Lutherans affirm that when one is saved, it is the result of sovereign grace overcoming the sinners fallen will, and not in any way the result of a free decision on the part of man. 5. 22:14.] Sign up for our newsletter: This co-operation of the sinner, empowered by God's grace, is known as "synergism.". In fact, it only demonstrates your ignorance of what we believe, since NOBODY claims TULIP is the "gospel". This is the core belief of the TULIP doctrine. Israel has not obtained what it seeks; but the elect have obtained it, and the rest were blinded. Total depravity does not mean that we are as bad as we could be, or do all the bad things that we could do. Be among the first to get R.C. by Matt Slick | Oct 1, 2014 | Questions, Theology. And yet, as Peter "Read any good books lately?" Calvinists back this doctrine with such verses as Romans 9:16, Philippians 2:12-13, and John 6:28-29. Calvinists support eternal security with verses such as John 10:27-28, Romans 8:1, 1 Corinthians 10:13, and Philippians 1:6. 4:37. Nick Muyres. T he familiar caricature of Calvin's theology is symbolized by the mnenomic device TULIP: Total depravity, Unconditional. 1:1, 2; Jas. Calvinism Arminianism comparison grid Calvinism and Arminianism are two main theological perspectives that deal with salvation. It is important for Catholics to know about these subjects: First, Catholics are often attacked by Calvinists who misunderstand the Catholic position on these issues. Writers for CARM include Calvinists and non-Calvinists. And as many as had been appointed to eternal life believed. John 13:18 I do not speak concerning all of you. Total depravity is the fallen state of human beings as a result of original sin. We greatly appreciate your consideration! 78:67, 68, 7072; Psa. A more nuanced view, which I would take, is that there is truth to be affirmed in four of the five points. It would no longer be the faith of the Bible. Will the thing formed say to him who formed it, Why have you made me like this? 21 Does not the potter have power over the clay, from the same lump to make one vessel for honor and another for dishonor? The totality of our depravity means that because of our rebellion against God and our corruption of the goodness that he gave at the beginning, we have offended him in such a way that we deserve eternal punishment. The God of All Grace by Henry Newcome PDF ePub Mobi or Printed Book MISCONCEPTION: "Total depravity" means humans are worthless trash piles, nothing but sin, disgusting all the way down. Sproul Ligonier Ministries 550K subscribers Subscribe 170K views 7 years ago What Is Reformed Theology? Sign up for our newsletter: Salah satu cara paling cepat dan cukup mudah untuk memahami keunikan Teologi Reformed yang sangat luas tersebut adalah melalui Lima Pokok Calvinisme yang disingkat TULIP: T = Total Depravity (Kerusakan Total), Unconditional Election (Pemilihan Tanpa Syarat), L = Limited Atonement (Penebusan Terbatas), I = Irresistible Grace (Anugerah yang Tidak TULIP and Reformed Theology: Total Depravity The doctrine of total depravity reflects the Reformed viewpoint of original sin. 7 The LORD did not set His love on you nor choose you because you were more in number than any other people, for you were the least of all peoples; 8 but because the LORD loves you, and because He would keep the oath which He swore to your fathers, the LORD has brought you out with a mighty hand, and redeemed you from the house of bondage, from the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt.. Join our mailing list to receive the latest news and updates from A Puritan's Mind, as well as coupons and our newest books published by Puritan Publications. Some people The doctrine of total depravity reflects the Reformed viewpoint of original sin. - by Dr. Charles Hodge, Irresistible Grace - compiled by Dr. C. Matthew McMahon, Jesus Died for Aliens on Planet Zeno - by Dr. C. Matthew McMahon, Justification by Grace Alone - by Dr. John Calvin, Limited Atonement - compiled by Dr. C. Matthew McMahon, Perseverance of the Saints - compiled by Dr. C. Matthew McMahon, Propositions and Principles of Divinity - by Dr. Theodore Beza (1519-1605), Repentance and Conversion - by Dr. William S. Plumer (1802-1880), The Doctrines of Grace - by Christopher Blum, The Effectual Application of Christ to the Soul by John Flavel, The First Century Church and Grace by William Cunningham, The Five Points of Calvinism - by W.J. The Five Points of Calvinism are often known by the acrostic TULIP. Then, the second, we find varying degrees of unbelief. Yet because you are not of the world, but I chose you out of the world, therefore the world hates you. L - Limited Atonement (sometimes referred to as definite or particular atonement) I - Irresistible Grace. Sproul prefers the title, "Radical Corruption", and I don't disagree. The desire of Arminius was to uphold the goodness and mercy of God. Irresistable Grace- On this point, there are both areas of agreement and disagreement. Its not something that is tangential or superficial, lying on the surface. 2:24) and were canceled on the cross, not when we believe (Col. 2:14). It is the "T" in the acronym TULIP, which is commonly used to enumerate what are known as the five points of Calvinism or the doctrines of grace. 19 You will say to me then, Why does He still find fault? Subscribers have full digital access. How should a good Lutheran answer this question? Tulip is a false gospel but nice try . Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/five-point-calvinism-700356. Total Depravity- The Lutheran language on this point differs, as "the bondage of the will" is spoken of rather than total depravity; this is due to a possible misunderstanding that. The definition of Total Depravity as defined by the Calvinist website & ministry 'CARM' is this: "Man is completely touched/affected by sin in all that he is . Isaiah 45:4 For Jacob My servants sake, And Israel My elect, I have even called you by your name; I have named you, though you have not known Me. The atonement was objectively given for all, but its benefits must be subjectively received by faith. Calvin's doctrine of theperseverance of the saints is in contrast to the theology of Lutheranism and the Roman Catholic Church, which hold that people can lose their salvation. We'd love to keep you up to date with what is happening at CARM. This means we are incapable of being saved without God's help. Regarding monergism, there is agreement here. "Five Point TULIP Calvinism Explained." 1:18; 1 Pet. The essential doctrines of grace concerning salvation, which the Reformers and Puritans (and all good Christians) cling to, are summed up in the acronym T.U.L.I.P. The Bible does not tell us precisely why Michael, the archangel, and the devil disputed over the body of Moses. Ask Professor Olson about Theology One of my favorite channels on Youtube What the Philosophers Thought about Holy Communion. In eternity past God elected certain people to be saved. Stated plainly, Total Depravity teaches. The word "TULIP" has been used as an acronym for explaining salvation for more than a century. Humans are unable to approach God apart from grace, because the sinners will is fallen; they are in bondage to sin. JW's claim Jesus isn't God, but their claim doesn't make it truth. Accepted with varying degrees of modification by most non-Lutheran Reformed Churches, it holds certain doctrines characteristic of Lutheranism, as well as other elements peculiar to itself. 3:11; Col. 3:12; 1 Thess. (2020, August 26). Proverbs 16:4 The LORD has made all for Himself, Yes, even the wicked for the day of doom. James Rich. It emphasizes the reality that it is God who preserves the elect in faith. The difference between Lutheran and Reformed theology on these points is that the Lutheran system allows seeming tensions to stand side by side, as both are affirmed in Scripture. 2:1-6) unless we are born again. John 6:37, 39, 44, 45; John 15:16, 19; John 17:2, 6, 9; John 21:23; Acts 1:7; Acts 2:23, 39, 47; Acts 3:18; Acts 4:28; Acts 13:48; Acts 17:26; Acts 22:14; Rom. He is the author "Hope for Hurting Singles: A Christian Guide to Overcoming Life's Challenges. John Calvin* Foundation laid by Augustine. 1 Thessalonians 1:2-4 We give thanks to God always for you all, making mention of you in our prayers, 3 remembering without ceasing your work of faith, labor of love, and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ in the sight of our God and Father, 4 knowing, beloved brethren, your election by God. The common tendency is to ask, "Why such a fuss? Those whom God elected, He will preserve until the end. 2:12; 2 Thess. Yet Jacob I have loved; 3 But Esau I have hated, And laid waste his mountains and his heritage For the jackals of the wilderness., Matthew 20:16 So the last will be first, and the first last. 2) Our rebellion or hardness against God is total, that is, apart from the grace of God there is no delight in the holiness of God, and there is no glad submission to the sovereign authority of God. Sproul's new book. 24 For false christs and false prophets will rise and show great signs and wonders to deceive, if possible, even the elect. Zavada, Jack. 3) In his total rebellion everything man does is sin. T: Total Depravity - Human beings are so affected by the negative consequences of original sin that they are incapable of being righteous, and are always and unchangeably sinful; human freedom is totally enslaved by sin so we can only choose evil. 16:4; Isa. 19:25; 2 Chr. If one petal is removed from the flower, it ceases, for all intents and purposes, to be complete. For more on that point, 5. (In this way, there would be no such thing as a 3 point Calvinist or a 4 point Calvinist (like Amyraldianism)it would be better to say they are. We are enslaved to the evil impulses and desires of our hearts. McKim, Donald K. (2014-04-21). Arminius was viewed to have seriously deviated from the orthodox doctrines of justification and election. Interested in joining the Ligonier team? 21 For if God did not spare the natural branches, He may not spare you either. Rather, the doctrine of original sin defines the consequences to the human race because of that first sin. This is not and never was the Calvinistic doctrine. ", P - Stands for Perseverance of the Saints. The five points emerged from the Synod of Dort (1618 19).1McKim, Donald K. (2014-04-21). 135:4; Prov. The "T" in TULIP stands for Total Depravity. Total Depravity means that unregenerate man is hopelessly enmeshed in sin, bound by Satan with the chords of spiritual death, and wholly disinterested in the things of the Creator (Spencer, TULIP, 36). The five points of Calvinism can be summarized by the acronym TULIP. Rather, he was acknowledging the human condition of fallennessthat condition that was part of the experience of his parents, a condition that he himself brought into this world. Lutherans too argue that perseverance is the sole work of God, not of man. DEAD!!! 4. They modified the doctrine of unconditional election, asserting that God did not elect individuals. John 10:14-15 I am the good shepherd; and I know My sheep, and am known by My own. 11 But I make known to you, brethren, that the gospel which was preached by me is not according to man. Furthermore, this total depravity means that the unregenerate will not, of their own free will, choose to receive . The TULIP of Calvinism is the acronym that represents the five primary points that represent Calvinism: Total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace, and Perseverance of the saints. According to the doctrine of Total Depravity, every part of fallen man is corrupted by sin. The fall of Adam and Eve (Genesis 3) seriously hurt humanity. 17:9]. Kindle Edition. It emphasizes the reality that it is God who preserves the elect in faith. 6:16-20). Here is what the letters stand for: T. The first belief is "Total depravity" which teaches that all people are born sinners. It would not longer be the doctrines of the Bible. Total depravity (also called total inability or total corruption) is a biblical doctrine closely linked with the doctrine of original sin as formalized by Augustine and advocated in many Protestant confessions of faith and catechisms, especially in Calvinism. Like Martin Luther before him, John Calvin broke from the Roman Catholic Church and based his theology on the Bible alone, not the Bible and tradition. Deuteronomy 10:15 The LORD delighted only in your fathers, to love them; and He chose their descendants after them, you above all peoples, as it is this day. Galatians 3:11 But that no one is justified by the law in the sight of God is evident, for the just shall live by faith.. It is the same with the essential doctrines of salvation. This condition affects every person and it is opposed to truth. Why is it that we who trust in God, CARM is a nonprofit, non-denominational, multi-staffed Christian Apologetics Ministry that supports evangelism, radio outreach, and provides full-time support for several foreign missionaries. 30 Moreover whom He predestined, these He also called; whom He called, these He also justified; and whom He justified, these He also glorified. What is CARMs position on Calvinism? 9:23, 24, 2729; Rom. Although this is so, we are not as bad as we could be; we could be worse. 1 Thessalonians 5:9-10 For God did not appoint us to wrath, but to obtain salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ, 10 who died for us, that whether we wake or sleep, we should live together with Him. So a calvinist says that sin destroyed the will, and salvation restores the will. Explore the world's faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality! God must intervene to save people. The Calvinists doctrine of perseverence is the outcome of the doctrine of election. The system of Calvinism adheres to a very high view of scripture and seeks to derive its theological formulations based solely on Gods word. Human beings have "fallen short of the glory of God" (Romans 3:23). Since this doctrine is very foundational to all the rest, we should first summarize the Arminian position so we can more clearly contrast it with the doctrines of Scripture as set forth in the . Yesterday, I found myself in the enviable position of explaining the difference between reformed theology and "not" reformed theology. Instead, they look at the legal aspect of the sin debt. . What is the exact meaning of "total depravity"? 22 Therefore consider the goodness and severity of God: on those who fell, severity; but toward you, goodness, if you continue in His goodness. 16 For if the firstfruit is holy, the lump is also holy; and if the root is holy, so are the branches. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 22 What if God, wanting to show His wrath and to make His power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath prepared for destruction, 23 and that He might make known the riches of His glory on the vessels of mercy, which He had prepared beforehand for glory, 24 even us whom He called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles? It is a Reformed and Calvinistic theological term which believes that all men are enslaved by the power of sin and if left alone without God, would rather serve their Read More Total Depravity - TULIP Series God picks them based not on their personal character or merit, but out of his kindness and sovereign will. The election is based completely on Gods sovereign choice according to the kind intention of His will (Eph. This set of religious principles is the work of John Calvin (1509-1564), a French church reformer who had a permanent influence on several branches of Protestantism. A tulip is a flower with intertwining petals, without which, would not make up a complete flower. Galatians 1:3-11 Grace to you and peace from God the Father and our Lord Jesus Christ, 4 who gave Himself for our sins, that He might deliver us from this present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father, 5 to whom be glory forever and ever. Introduction Paul says in Romans 3:23: "For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God". Acts 13:48 Now when the Gentiles heard this, they were glad and glorified the word of the Lord. But if you do boast, remember that you do not support the root, but the root supports you. Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonment, Irrisistible Grace, Perseverance of the Saints. 23 And they also, if they do not continue in unbelief, will be grafted in, for God is able to graft them in again. The theological system of J. Calvin (found chiefly in his Institutes), esp. This is not and never was the Calvinistic doctrine. 12:22; 1 Kin. Each doctrine is essentially linked to the others. I was asked by my small audience for an example of the difference, and the first example that came to mind was God's sovereignty in salvation. The doctrines of graceare the best biblical doctrines you will ever come to know or embrace Jesus Christs Gospel isall of grace. Lutherans also affirm that Gods election will always result in final salvation; in other words, election is immutable. The choice and mercy of God depend on Gods desire, not mans ability (Romans 9:18). by grace through faith. (Cross, F. L., and Elizabeth A. Livingstone, eds. Technically, however, it is God who perseveres, not the saints themselves. Total Depravity is a doctrine that stems from the TULIP. He contends in his commentary on Genesis: In the Reformed tradition, total depravity does not mean utter depravity. John 17:9 I pray for them. He keeps his saved ones secure so they will inherit the eternal life he has promised them. 4. Augustines Calvinism: The Doctrines of Grace in Augustines Writings by C. Matthew McMahon PDF ePub Mobi or Printed Book The Bible says that you and I are dead in trespasses and sins ( Eph. We are, as Palmer . God does not elect based on foreseen faith or merit, but out of pure grace with no regard to the behavior of the elect sinner. 1:4, 5, 911; Eph. 6:12 with Luke 11:4) since it is breaking the Law of God (1 John 3:4). TULIP is a popular acronym for the five points of Calvinism--total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints. If one petal is removed from the flower, it ceases, for all intents and purposes, to be complete. Is Paul saved at the time of this writing? 23 Then if anyone says to you, Look, here is the Christ! or There! do not believe it. What is predestination and election? The TULIP acronym arranges the five points of Calvinism logically and progressively, with each point contingent on the other. After Calvin's death, his followers spread those beliefs throughout Europe and the American colonies. We might also call this the doctrine of total inability. It describes soteriology, not the "gospel". It was simply a petition for toleration and a summation of their views in five points. The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms, Second Edition: Revised and Expanded (Kindle Locations 14590-14592). It is unfortunate Lutherans too often confuse this doctrine with the idea of once saved always saved, and thus reject the entirety of the Reformed doctrine. 9:16) or good works of any individual (Rom. Kindle Edition. If the debt is canceled, it does not exist and cannot be held against the debtor/sinner. Compare Major Beliefs of 7 Christian Denominations, What the Bible Says About Eternal Security, Examine the Core Theme of Reconciliation in the Bible, Meet the Apostle Paul: Christian Missionary Giant, What the Bible Says About Becoming a Christian, M.A., English Composition, Illinois State University, B.S., English Literature, Illinois State University. The term radical has to do with something that permeates to the core of a thing. Amen. This article is part of the TULIP and Reformed Theology collection and was originally published May 25, 2017. Christs blood was sufficient for all, but not all sin was imputed to Christ. The belief in total depravity takes the view that sinfulness pervades all areas of life and human existence. Luke 8:10 And He said, To you it has been given to know the mysteries of the kingdom of God, but to the rest it is given in parables, that Seeing they may not see, And hearing they may not understand. (Matthew 11:25). 1. Total Depravity Unconditional Election Limited Atonement Irresistible Grace Perseverance of the Saints A tulip is a flower with intertwining petals, without which, would not make up a complete flower. The theology of Calvinism has been immortalized in the acronym TULIP, which states the five essential doctrines of total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints. T.U.L.I.P. 15 For if their being cast away is the reconciling of the world, what will their acceptance be but life from the dead? We shall be satisfied with the goodness of Your house, Of Your holy temple. Moreover, all of the other doctrines in TULIP follow from Total Depravity. He did, however, differ from Calvinist orthodoxy on a number of issues. 2:10; Eph. This idea is that if one accepts Christ at some point in their life, they may then live as they please and still gain eternal life. Limited Atonement- This is the major area of disagreement with Reformed Theology. A Helpful Online Chart on the Order of Salvation (the ordo salutis) by C. Matthew McMahon He was not saying that it was sinful for his mother to have borne children; neither was he saying that he had done something evil by being born. 8:7 ). Argument #1: Total Depravity is a New Doctrine Based on Old Gnosticism The doctrine of total depravity developed about 500 years ago. Almost without exception, from politics to education and everywhere in . I believe that God makes the sinner willing, frees his . There areonlytwo views concerningthe Gospel of Jesus Christ. I know the ones I have chosen; but it is that the Scripture may be fulfilled, He who eats My bread has lifted up his heel against Me., If you have any issues, please call the office at 385-246-1048 or email us at. He also challenged the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. The Natural Man Directed to Jesus Christ by Francis Roberts PDF ePub Mobi or Printed Book But thats not what original sin has referred to historically in the church. 20:16 [Matt. Paperback - May 7, 2014. by Dr. Charles Hodge, The Five Points of Calvinism by W.J. Exodus 33:19 Then He said, I will make all My goodness pass before you, and I will proclaim the name of the LORD before you. The Puritans were keenly aware that if the essentials of the Christian faith were overthrown or changed, then true religious faith disappeared. 9 For this is the word of promise: At this time I will come and Sarah shall have a son. 10 And not only this, but when Rebecca also had conceived by one man, even by our father Isaac 11 (for the children not yet being born, nor having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works but of Him who calls), 12 it was said to her, The older shall serve the younger. 13 As it is written, Jacob I have loved, but Esau I have hated. 14 What shall we say then?

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