However, the name has been used in other parts of the world. Evacuations of 23 million coastal residents were effective in reducing the fatalities, although the storm was still the largest natural disaster globally in 1991. Note that, while the US Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) is not a designated warning center, its forecasts and archive information are also widely used. Kossin, J. P., W. H. Schubert, 2001: Mesovortices, polygonal flow patterns, and rapid pressure falls in hurricane-like vortices. Sorensen (2000)234 reviewed twenty years of warning systems and found several major factors that affect the desired response to a warning or evacuation declaration. Fig. Topographic enhancement of rainfall by the mountains and storm surge make a devastating and deadly combination in the lowlying areas in the northern reaches of the Bay of Bengal. It was unusual in that it is the only cyclone in recorded history to impact, as a severe tropical cyclone, on the coastline of three different States or Territories. The unifying dynamical characteristic of these regions is a sign reversal of the meridional gradient of the large-scale PV. where is the vertical component of the relative vorticity, N is the Brunt Visla frequency, H is the depth of the system and fo is the Coriolis parameter. We can glean a number of interesting results from these analyses: The horizontal wind balances just discussed are not the only balance constraints operating in a symmetric, steady state tropical cyclone. Part I: Data analysis and climatology. strong vertical wind shear is generally bad; vertical wind shear can help the storm intensify if the SST are warm and there are no other negative factors (such as dry air) to slow intensification. 8.16. Around 1200 UTC 19 October 2005, Wilma attained its record-setting Category 5 intensity with maximum 1-minute 10-meter winds of 82 m s-1 (295 km h-1) with 882 hPa minimum central pressure6 hPa lower than the previous record of 888 hPa in Hurricane Gilbert (1988). One message comes out of all of these genesis mechanisms: each component While hurricane enthusiasts in the wider community may recognize Dr Gray specifically for his seasonal hurricane forecasting, his scientific career has spanned all aspects of tropical cyclones from their genesis and motion to their climate variability. However, friction has two roles in CISK: (1) deceleration of surface winds (below gradient wind balance) is the cause of (2) frictional convergence that imports the moist, boundary layer air. Hint #1: the wind speed right at the ground must be very slow. 8. Increased evaporation due to the strengthening surface vortex enhanced the convection and led to the intensification of Danny into a hurricane. D.Portion Control: How to avoid overeating 156. Why can category 1 tropical cyclones be more destructive (damaging) than category tropical cyclones, differentiate between bronze and an alloy, (c) Study Figure 1a in the Resource Booklet. Upon the development of Ingrid into a tropical cyclone at 2100UTC on September12, the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Coatzacoalcos to Nautla, Veracruz. The monsoon gyre is defined as a closed, symmetric circulation at 850 hPa with horizontal extent of 25 latitude that persists for at least two weeks.45 This circulation is accompanied by abundant convective precipitation around the south-southeast rim of the gyre. Chan, J. C. L., J. Shi, and C. Lam, 1998: Seasonal forecasting of tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific and the South China Sea. Enhanced IR image at 0600 UTC 11 Nov 2007 of NH and SH twin tropical cyclones, indicative of equatorial Rossby wave genesis. Hazard mitigation is multifaceted, involving longterm planning (education, building codes and zoning) and short term planning (responding to an individual event and its immediate aftermath). The peripheral ring of convection is now dominant and modulates the location of subsequent convection.82 Should the original eyewall collapse completely, the ring of peripheral convection may contract to form a new eyewall. 162. Fig. Use Fig. The surge is strongest where the winds are enhanced by the motion of the cyclone, therefore, the right (left) forward quadrant of the storm is the most dangerous storm surge region. 8.62. With frequently available geostationary IR images (1530 minutes routinely and 5 minutes in rapid-scan mode), the intensity can be updated for continuous operational forecasting. Track of Hurricane Joan (#11) which weakened as it crossed Central America. Heavy damage to some crops. Operational forecasts of tropical cyclogenesis have been developed on two fronts: daily forecast models and seasonal forecasts of tropical cyclone activity, expressed in terms of storm and hurricane numbers or storm days. Although the WMO applies a standard definition of tropical cyclone intensity (10-minute mean of the 10-meter wind), many countries have developed their own measures of intensity. The effect of a cyclone is terrible, as it destroys everything in its wake. Montgomery, M. T., V. A. Vladimirov, and P. V. Denissenko, 2002: An experimental study on hurricane mesovortices. My guess is would involve ocean engineering to refurbish the coastline with some methods of absorbing wave/wind energy. stage of development of tropical cyclone florencefrankie ryan city on a hill dead. Miller's model of the mature hurricane is consistent with Conditional Instability of the Second Kind (CISK), a theory for tropical cyclone maintenance and intensification that was proposed, in the early 1960s, by two groups simultaneously.52,53 According to the "CISK view", the frictional convergence of warm, moist (high e) boundary layer air into the tropical cyclone determines the amount of latent heat release in the eyewall convection (Fig. The names Ingrid and Manuel were both later retired due to their impacts. As a result, tropical cyclones may be referred to as "warmcored." Three Aboriginal communities, with a total population of 1,500, and nearby Cooktown, home to 2,000 people, were placed on standby for evacuation. The subsidence weakens the eyewall convection, suppressing mid-troposphere moisture buildup in the core and weakening the peak surface winds. The shear will tilt the vortex in the vertical, suppressing vertical motion in the region of the convection, and so weakening the storm.75,76 However, if this vortex experiences only a brief period of vertical wind shear, the vortex can recover from the shear-induced tilt through development of vortex asymmetries.76,77,78 The return of the tropical cyclone to a symmetric storm is sensitive to the radial gradient of storm vorticity. As the converging air spirals inwards, it becomes organised into bands of cloud that rotate slowly clockwise around the storm centre. Tropical Cyclones. 8B9.1. Enagonio, J., M. T. Montgomery, 2001: Tropical cyclogenesis via convectively forced vortex Rossby waves in a shallow water primitive equation model. The contribution of the second term, , to the angular momentum gives increases as radius increases since fo is constant and r2 increases rapidly with radius. IR techniques, meanwhile, observe only the cloud tops and thick cirrus can hide the underlying TC structure. 8.1 and Fig. For each day, the graph shows the number of years that a cyclone was present (normalized per 100 years). These organized convective complexes have associated lower tropospheric PV maxima, reducing the local Rossby radius in the presence of convectionone path we have discussed for tropical cyclogenesis144 (Section 8.3.1). Suppression of convection due to stabilization of the boundary layer by the cool downdrafts. 8.8. Theories for potential intensity (PI) give guidance on likely tropical cyclone peak intensity, but the effects of environmental factors ensure that very few tropical cyclones achieve their PI. Now let us try forecasting storm development based on our understanding of the impacts of shear and other environmental factors. 142. The (new) internal boundary layer will form in the timescale of an inertial period of the storm, which is about an hour in the strong wind part of the storm. Summary. In a tropical cyclone, the wind flows inward cyclonically at lower levels, spiraling upward in the zones of deep convection (the central eyewall or the spiral rainbands), spiraling outward aloft, just below the tropopause (Fig. 119. The 12-day journey took Ingrid from the Gulf of Carpentaria to the Kimberley via the Coral Sea. The surge can move coastal structures and soil several miles inland. Global NOAA optimum interpolation SST maps May through November inclusive for (a) 2004, (b) 2005, and (c) 2006. 8.41. Notice that the eyewall slopes outward from the surface, creating the "stadium effect". The Dvorak Enhanced IR technique uses a special enhancement, known as In 18484 the word "cyclone" was first used to refer to rotating storms. Center location is fairly easy if the low-level circulation is exposed, otherwise, the center is identified by other features such as cirrus outflow, animation, or extrapolation; Make two-quasi-independent estimates of the intensity of the TC. Maloney, E. D., D. L. Hartmann, 2000: Modulation of hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico by the Madden-Julian oscillation. Tropical cyclones are a natural part of the climate system (Section 1.2), forming in all tropical ocean basins with the possible exception of the South Atlantic (Fig. (Simpson et al. Camargo, S. J., A. G. Barnston, P. J. Klotzbach, and C. W. Landsea, 2007: Seasonal tropical cyclone forecasts. The secondary circulation (in-up-and-out) of the storm now feeds this outer convection, resulting in subsidence in the vicinity of the old eyewall. 8.61. k Interestingly, the Earth's vorticity gradient can be regarded as representing a second vortex of much larger scale than the tropical cyclone. 143. Part II: Structure Changes. The ocean surface has less drag on the air than the solid land so the storm is able to sustain stronger peak surface winds over water. 8.37. As the figure shows, the shape of the initial PV strip used to characterize the ITCZ, as well as the presence of another cyclone, affect which mode of breakdown occurs. 111. Bell, G. D., M. Chelliah, 2006: Leading tropical modes associated with interannual and multidecadal fluctuations in North Atlantic hurricane activity. As we will discuss below, it is this temperature difference between the surface and tropopause that tells us how much energy we can get from the system. 190. decision to locate the factory in this area. The morphed images are produced every 15 minutes to match the geostationaryIR routine and are available in real-time for five ocean basins. 146. The tradition begun by Duckworth and O'Hair continues to this day: the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of the Air Force Reserve (commonly known as the "Hurricane Hunters") and the NOAA Corps continue operational and research flights into hurricanes today. While microwave instruments provide superior TC feature identification, one caveat must be considered in locating the eye of a TC; the effect of parallax. 63. Air in the atmospheric boundary layer (bottom right to left) flows in isothermally, rises adiabatically in the eyewall convection, flows out to great distance isothermally near the tropopause, then sinks far from the storm. At 1500UTC on September13, the tropical storm warning was extended northward to Cabo Rojo, Veracruz, with a tropical storm watch northward to La Pesca, Tamaulipas. It should be understood that mitigation is a continuous process of adjustment and improvement. Kleeman, R., J. P. McCreary Jr, and B. Adapted from Willoughby (1990). It formed on September12 in the Gulf of Mexico from a broad disturbance that also spawned Manuel in the eastern Pacific. The spiral bands of cloud are known as feeder bands because they feed heat and moisture into the central low pressure. 20. 204. 8.55. The vortex Rossby waves help to mix high e air into the eyewall updrafts. Fig. Current Trajectories on the Storm predict it re . Tomas, R. A., P. J. Webster, 1997: The role of inertial instability in determining the location and strength of near-equatorial convection. While eyewalls are often observed to be nearly circular, they are occasionally observed to adopt polygonal shapes. Palmn, E., 1948: On the formation and structure of tropical cyclones. The Bay of Bengal has about five times as many tropical cyclones as the Arabian Sea. In thinking about why every tropical cyclone does not become a 100 m s-1 behemoth, we argued that a minimum level of vertical wind shear is necessary for a storm to maintain its intensity or to intensify further. The high mountain ranges and low-lying coastal plains and river deltas of the Bay of Bengal combine to make this region extremely vulnerable to tropical cyclones. Given the weak environmental winds near the surface, some vertical wind shear is needed to advect the storm along.93,94 Without this environmental advection, a storm will have relatively slow motion. Part I: quantitative description. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. The clear region in the center of a mature tropical storm is known as the eye and is relatively calm with light winds and the lowest surface pressure. The changing structure of the ET system compared to its "parent" tropical cyclone means that the area of damaging winds is much larger and typically confined to the right (left) of a NH (SH) cyclone looking towards its direction of motion. Ekman, V. W., 1905: On the influence of the Earth's rotation on ocean currents. These and the above-mentioned national centers also prepare comprehensive best track archives of tropical cyclones in their warning area. 8.59, Chapter 4).162,163,164,165 As with ENSO, the effects of the QBO on tropical cyclone activity are regionally dependent. michael lewis interview; william costner obituary; 2021 daytona 500 lineup printable; In this live Grade 12 Geography show we take a look at Tropical Cyclones. [27] Two people in the state required rescue after their truck was swept away by a river. 8.50. 57. Society (IRI), National Meteorological Service, Mxico (SMN), vertical component of the Coriolis parameter (s, latitudinal gradient of the Coriolis parameter (s, CPS parameter (lower tropospheric thermal wind), CPS parameter (upper tropospheric thermal wind), symmetric averages of the cylindrical wind components, asymmetric components of the cylindrical wind, saturation equivalent potential temperature, vector radius from the Earth axis of rotation, distance from the Earth axis for this application (m), absolute velocity (Earth motion plus wind) (m s, vertical component of the absolute vorticity (s, Lagrangian (total) derivative ("following the flow"), Eulerian derivative (at a fixed location), advection of the vertical component of absolute vorticity, total wind partitioned into symmetric and asymmetric components, total wind partitioned into symmetric, environment, gyres, Describe tropical cyclone global climatology (where and when they form, where most form, least, or none form), Identify distinguishing features of tropical cyclones (eye, eyewall, spiral bands, surface inflow, upper outflow), Identify inner core features such as eye-wall vortices, Describe ingredients needed for formation or genesis (including subtropical genesis), Define the stages of a tropical cyclone lifecycle (wave, depression, tropical storm, tropical cyclone, severe tropical cyclone, decay), Describe the key storm and environmental factors impacting intensity change, Using satellite remote sensing, describe how you could detect changes in intensity of tropical cyclones, Describe the links found between inner core dynamics and changes in cyclone structure and intensity, Describe the mechanisms that influence tropical cyclone motion from its precursor tropical wave to its landfall in a midlatitude continent, Describe various mechanisms that lead to extratropical transition, Describe the hazards of tropical cyclones particularly those at landfall (storm surge, heavy rain and floods, strong winds, tornadoes, ocean waves) and understand the basic mechanisms for each type of hazard. Hart, R. E., 2003: A cyclone phase space derived from thermal wind and thermal asymmetry. 100. The actual intensity of a tropical cyclone that is moving rapidly out of the tropics can even exceed its PI! Kimball, S. K., J. L. Evans, 2002: Idealized numerical simulations of hurricanetrough interaction. Fig. Since other monsoon regions have very similar PV and convection structures,63 we expect that Africa should not be a unique region for easterly wave formation.18 This suggests that similar disturbances could also be generated in the Australian monsoon. The gyre has similar scale and structure to the second mode of the barotropic monsoon trough breakdown and genesis just described (Fig. The TUTT is a meso-synoptic upper cold low that has been linked to genesis in the western North Pacific and North Atlantic. A list of the RSMCs and TCWCs as well as webpage links to these centers is given in Table 8.1. stages of development of tropical cyclone ingrid; stages of development of tropical cyclone ingrid. On September2, an area of convection, or thunderstorms, developed along the northern portion of the wave, but was eventually absorbed into Tropical Storm Gabrielle north of Puerto Rico. These stages are associated with changes in the storm intensity and structure. Recall that the (specific) absolute angular momentum, , is defined as. Avila, L. A., 1991: Atlantic tropical systems of 1990. These arguments can readily be extended to understand why dry air intrusions (from dry even desert land masses or from the SAL in the case of the Atlantic Ocean) negatively impact intensifying tropical cyclones: the dry tropospheric air weakens the convection, creating sub-saturated downdrafts, which subsequently cools the boundary layer and lowers its relative humidity. So we must consider this term, , which is known as the effect because is the north-south variation of the Coriolis parameter. This can feed back onto the storm structure and so to the storm motion. [27] Along the coast of Tamaulipas, damage occurred from Soto la Marina to La Pesca. The IR information, when combined with microwave image data, is being used to create an objective index to calculate the probability of secondary eyewall formation. The vulnerabilities include natural, geographical, and climatic shocks and stresses (e.g., cyclone, floods, storm surge, sea-level rise, geographical position). Starting in Queensland, Ingrid crossed Cape York at a remote location, uprooting trees and stripping the foliage and bark from many more. A man moved to a remote village and cut contact with loved ones. Ferreira, R. N., W. H. Schubert, 1999: The role of tropical cyclones in the formation of tropical upper-tropospheric troughs. (Type your answer in box.). You can use this space to go into a little more detail about your company. 10:09, The wind velocities were subsequently reassessed based on meteorological and observed damage on the ground, Retired Australian region tropical cyclone names, Category 5 Australian region severe tropical cyclones, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Ingrid&oldid=1128669859, Articles with dead external links from August 2012, Articles with dead external links from February 2019, Articles with dead external links from October 2010, Pages using infobox tropical cyclone with unknown parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 December 2022, at 09:43. 59. Tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic (upper) and East Pacific (lower) the year before, during, and after El Nio. Wu, L., 2007: Impact of Saharan air layer on hurricane peak intensity. Zeng, Z., Y. Wang, and C. C. Wu, 2007: Environmental dynamical control of tropical cyclone intensity An observational study. A strong pressure gradient rapidly developed within the system as it headed west resulting in a category rating of 5 by 8 March. This error adds up in the course of a 24-hour or longer forecast. Hurricane Irene in 1999), often traveling at forward speeds of 1520 m s-1. Lets break down these stages. Fig. Using satellite remote sensing techniques, describe how you could detect changes in the intensity and structure of tropical cyclones. Fig. 8.60. The case of Hurricane Georges on 19 September 1998 illustrates the intensification phase of the eyewall replacement cycle. For a week the overall storm motion was less than 2m s-1 (4 kts). For other uses, see, "Resorts evacuated as cyclone nears coast", "Qld: NT evacuations as Cyclone Ingrid nears", "Melville Island lashed by ferocious Ingrid", "WA: WA braces for Ingrid impact as Kimberley residents evacuate", "Five Papuan New Guineans die when boat capsizes during cyclone", "Interim report on severe tropical cyclone Ingrid", "Disaster Relief Activated for Cyclone Ingrid Damage", Australian Bureau of Meteorology: Tropical Cyclone Ingrid, Ingrid batters top end (from ABC News Online - Saturday, 12 March 2005. Allan, R., T. Ansell, 2006: A new globally complete monthly historical gridded mean sealevel pressure dataset (HadSLP2): 18502004. A. Harper, 2007: A globally consistent reanalysis of hurricane variability and trends. These arguments do not apply uniformly across all tropical cyclone intensities. The Omani capital, Muscat, was impacted by severe winds and associated waves, as well as the torrential rain. Evaporation, sensible heat flux and heat from friction combine to maintain an isothermal and increasingly moist boundary layer inflow to feed the deep convection of the eyewall. ), which is related to storm intensity (Fig. Dr Emanuel's contributions to the understanding of tropical cyclones are broad and include the ongoing development, rigorous review and refinement of a theory for the potential peak intensity for tropical cyclones, mechanisms of scale selection in the tropics, tropical convection and climate change impacts on hurricanes. A variety of statistical models to predict basinscale tropical cyclone activity around the globe are now available (Table 8.3). Microwave sensors such as TMI estimate wind speed away from heavy precipitation regions. The effects of the storm spread into South Texas, causing high tides and some flooding. Carrier, G. F., A. L. Hammond, and O. D. George, 1971: A model of the mature hurricane. 116. The eye, with very destructive wind gusts up to 220 km/h within a 20 km radius, reached the far northern coast of the Australian state of Queensland between 6 am and 9 am on 10 March Figure 1.2.1B (below) shows the weather conditions before and after the cold front. A. Clos, and M. G. Shoreibah, 1982: Concentric eye walls, secondary wind maxima, and the evolution of the hurricane vortex. Guishard, M. P., J. L. Evans, and R. E. Hart, 2009: Atlantic subtropical storms. The storm surge scale was shown to be invalid, as the surge is affected by parameters such as storm size and past motion and local bathymetry. At 8 a.m. EDT, NHC noted A life-threatening storm surge is already occurring along portions of the North Carolina coast and will continue through today and tonight. 124. This means that stronger storms are restricted to a smaller, warmer range of SST. Factors necessary for their formation. WMO Regions and Institutions with Tropical Cyclone forecasting responsibility. The interaction of the vorticity associated with AEWs and the mesoscale vorticity associated with MCSs is being studied in order to differentiate between strong and weak AEWs and the implications for tropical cyclogenesis. The two main theories for potential intensity are CISK and WISHE. This rarest of tropical cyclones left its mark: at least two people lost their lives, 11 were reported missing and 75 severely injured. Combining this information on M(r,z) leads us to outward and upward sloping surfaces of constant absolute angular momentum. 8.33). Surprisingly, there is no single answer Related pages. [8] On Melville Island, 1,500 aborigines evacuated to shelter throughout the island. Pielke Jr, R. A., J. Gratz, C. W. Landsea, D. Collins, M. A. Saunders, and R. Musulin, 2007: Normalized hurricane damages in the United States: 1900-2005. In the US, public education on inland flooding was jumpstarted when it was reported that freshwater flooding from tropical cyclones was the largest single cause of hurricane-related deaths in the United States between 1970 and 1999.233, Timely evacuation from storm surge has been successful in reducing loss of life from tropical cyclones. Bhola Cyclone made landfall in Bangladesh! 8.65. African easterly waves (Fig. Combined infrared and SSM/I satellite images of Tropical Storm Rita. 3 and 4. 145. The rotating winds of a tropical cyclone, combined with the northsouth variation in the Coriolis parameter, induce relative vorticity asymmetries in the tropical cyclone (Fig. Meteorologists have divided the development of a tropical cyclone into four stages: Tropical disturbance, tropical depression, tropical storm, and full-fledged tropical cyclone. The SST range plotted is from 1535C. [10], Rough seas produced by Cyclone Ingrid capsized a boat off the coast of Papua New Guinea, killing five of the 13 occupants. Karyampudi, V. M., T. N. Carlson, 1988: Analysis and numerical simulations of the Saharan air layer and its effect on easterly wave disturbances. 94. can be converted into mechanical energy. Fig. [30], The twin impacts of hurricanes Ingrid and Manuel prompted officials in Mexico to declare a state of emergency in 155municipalities in Veracruz, Tamaulipas, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Chihuahua. This can be seen in Figure 1.2.1A (above) as you move over from point 1 to 2. 97. In a phenomenal re-birth, Ingrid rapidly re-intensified, going from tropical storm strength back to a Category 4 cyclone with maximum sustained winds estimated at 120 knots (138 mph) by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center in the span of just 12 hours. So he decided to do something drastic. Since his debut in Street Fighter II: The World Warrior in 1991, Zangief has been portrayed with a beard and a mohawk, along with a uniquely-shaped formation of chest hair on his torso and on his There are several stages that comprise the life-cycle of an average TC. 8.25) begins when a deep cold core trough (black +) in the upper westerlies approaches a low-level baroclinic zone either a surface front over warm water, or a sharp SST gradient with warm water equatorward (e.g. The names of people are no longer used for storms in the western North Pacific: storm names for this region are drawn from a list of generic words. wellcare otc catalog 2021 kentucky; stages of development of tropical cyclone ingrid. Development of Tropical Cyclone Oliver from the merger of mesoscale convective systems. Two concentric eyewalls are evident in the radar image from Kingston, Jamaica (Fig. Holland, G. J., R. T. Merrill, 1984: On the dynamics of tropical cyclone structural changes. Wind speed in eyewall vortices can be 10% greater than the rest of the eyewall. 46. 107. . Since inertial stability is a measure of the resistance of a tropical cyclone to external influences, increasingly intense tropical cyclones should be more resistant to adverse environmental effects. Adem, J., 1956: A series solution for the barotropic vorticity equation and its application in the study of atmospheric vortices. Cyclone Sidr was a category4 cyclone, yet deaths numbered a few thousands232 instead of the hundreds of thousands during past cyclones of similar magnitude. The likelihood of ET for an individual storm depends on (i) the structure and intensity of the tropical cyclone itself, (ii) its thermodynamic environment (convective forcing), (iii) the structure of the midlatitude trough (especially the spatial extent and strength of its associated vertical wind shear) interacting with the tropical cyclone, and (iv) the relative location of the tropical cyclone in the trough.126,132, Almost 50% of tropical cyclones making landfall in the North Atlantic undergo ET, with the northeast United States/Canadian Maritimes (12 storms per year) and western Europe (once every 10-20 years) being most vulnerable.124 Ten typhoon landfalls in Japan and five in China during 2004 recently emphasized the susceptibility of higher latitude Asian nations to ET (Box 8-9). equivalent potential temperature () above the boundary layer that is equal to e of the boundary layer air. Kepert, J., 2001: The dynamics of boundary layer jets within the tropical cyclone core. 132. 8.52. Extremely dangerous with widespread destruction. Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclones are generally weaker than storms in the North Pacific and Atlantic basins; The extension of the subtropical jet into tropical latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere acts to constrain the tracks of tropical cyclones. The motion of features is the result of interpolation of images, advection, and rotation as the interpolated images are blended.

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