They are made up of social groups associated with hereditary professions that provide ritual and economic services. [6] Newars have developed a division of labour and a sophisticated urban civilisation not seen elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills. Auspiciously, people call the very first Janwa Bhimratharohan. Our City, Our Pride. Rituals to be performed after cremation till the 13th day after death 1. Religiously, the majority of Newars can be classified as both Hindu and Buddhist. Though the dispute was cleared after majority of the Newars of the country decided to do the Bhai Tika accordingly to the Newari customs and traditions which is to have the Bhai tika done after the day of the Mha Puja. Nepal is the learned (Sanskrit) form and Newar is the colloquial (Prakrit) form. The Malla dynasty was noted for their patronisation of the Maithili language (the language of the Mithila region) which was afforded an equal status to that of Sanskrit in the Malla court. Colonies of expatriate Newar merchants and artisans existed in Lhasa, Shigatse and Gyantse in Tibet till the mid-1960s when the traditional trade came to an end after the Sino-Indian War. Nevertheless, Dhau baji nakegu (offering yogurt and flattened rice along with yomari, sweets etc) during pregnancy is still practiced by many castes. Liquors are served in Salinch ( bowls made of clay) and Kholch ( small metal bowls). Wool, wood and herbs were sent from Nepal to other countries. Many Newars also speak Nepl, which is used for official purposes and for inter-group communication. String instruments are very rare. Bahra tayegu is a second marriage of a Newari girl. Girls have yet another ceremonial ritual called Bahra Chuyegu(Newar: ) when a girl approaches puberty. She is not even allowed to see the sunlight. After this, he resumes his normal life as a full-fledged adult of his community. 28 Feb 2023. Outside Nepal, many Newars have settled in Darjeeling and Kalimpong[90] in West Bengal, Assam, Manipur and Sikkim, India. Newa people call their music Dhime Baja. This Jatra is 1 month long and contains various celebration. "The situation with regard to education has become so bad that it will take several decades to restore what we had achieved before the conflict started," said Dipendra Roka, a schoolteacher in Salle village in Rukum district, about 300 km northwest of the capital, Kathmandu. Accepting Shrestha's views would mean giving up the "special arrangements for education, health and employment" that the Nepali Constitution promises for "economically and socially" disadvantaged janajatis. The initiation ceremony for boys is called Kayta Puja, and among the higher Hindu castes, it is often accompanied by the putting on of the sacred thread, a rite viewed as a symbolic rebirth. [54], Nepal Bhasa scripts appeared in the 10th century. It is decorated with glitters and colorful beads (potya). The complexity and all-encompassing nature of these rituals cannot be exaggerated. Doomed to remain on earth, they ate fruits for sustenance. This is celebrated on the Chaturdasi (Pisach Chaturdashi) day according to new lunar calendar on the month of Chaitra. The last but not the least ritual left in newar society is the death ritual. Usually, children are the participants of the parade. LANGUAGE: Gondi There are forty or more calendrical rituals and . The term Newar is derived from Nepal, and the Kathmandu Valley, the heart of Newar territory, remains the political and cultural focus of the kingdom to this day. The earliest poems date from the 1570s. In Kathmandu, the biggest street festival is Yenya (Indra Jatra) when three cars bearing the living goddess Kumari and two other child gods are pulled through the streets and masked dance performances are held. [41] When the Mallas were overthrown by the Gurkhas, the Newar Christians took refuge in India, settling first in the city of Bettiah and then later moving eleven kilometres north to Chuhari. The ceremony is called Bare Chuyegu (becoming a Bar) where categorically Bajracharya boys go through Acharya Abhisheka. Newars marry within their own caste, but lack the clan structure and strict rules of clan exogamy (marrying outside one's group) associated with other Hindu groups. [91] This aroused in them strong sexual urges that resulted in the earth being peopled with humans. [citation needed], For centuries, Newar merchants have handled trade between Tibet and India as well as exporting locally manufactured products to Tibet. According to this Buddhist scripture, the Kathmandu Valley was a giant lake until the Bodhisattva Manjusri, with the aid of a holy sword, cut a gap in the surrounding hills and let the water out. [74] The murals on the walls of two 15th-century monasteries in the former kingdom of Mustang in the Nepal Himalaya provide illustrations of Newar works outside the Kathmandu Valley. Before they reach puberty, young girls are "married" to the god Narayan in the Ihi ritual. [43], Although Newar Buddhism (Vajrayana) had been traditionally practiced in the Kathmandu Valley,[44] Theravada Buddhism made a comeback in Nepal in the 1920s and now is a common form of Buddhism among Buddhamargi Newars. Merchants, craftsmen, artists, potters, weavers, dyers, farmers and other castes all played their part in creating a flourishing economic system. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1972. Newari People are rich in culture and traditions. Guthis are associations often-although not alwaysbased on common descent and organized for religious, social, and public-service purposes. From as early as the seventh century, visitors have noted the skill of Newar artists and craftsmen who left their influence on the art of Tibet and China. Bahra tayegu or bahra choyegu is another tradition of the newar community. Supari - A Traditional Newari Wedding Ceremony . Following ceremonies presided over by priests, the chief mournerusually the eldest sonwalks three times around the pyre before setting it alight. [33] According to this manuscript, the Gopal kings were followed by the Mahispals and the Kirats before the Licchavis entered from the south. During Swanti (Tihar), Newars celebrate New Year's Day of Nepal Sambat by doing Mha Puja, a ritual in which our own body is worshipped, which is believed to purifies and strengthens one spiritually for the coming year. This is to be performed as close to the time of death as is possible. Among the numerous items available are statues of deities, prayer wheels, thankas (painted scrolls), Nepl khukhrs (curved knives), and paper mach dance masks. It includes historically Newa residing settlements and Newa dominant zones of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Newa towns of Dolakha, Newa settlements of Nuwakot, Newa settlements of Makwanpur, Newa settlements of Ramechhap, Newa settlements of Sindupalchok, Newa settlements of Kavre West.[63][64][65]. [84][85] The most famous artisan who influenced stylistic developments in China and Tibet was Arniko, a Newar youth who traveled to the court of Kublai Khan in the 13th century AD. Ritual dresses consist of pleated gowns, coats and a variety of headresses. Almost all Newar settlements in the Kathmandu Valley are built on plateaus above the general level of the valley floor. Houses are often built around squares (chowks) that may have temples built in the middle. They call this loin-cloth and head-shaving ceremony Kaeta Puja. Musicians from the Nau (barber) and Jyapu (farmer) castes accompany the procession to the cremation ground, which is usually on the banks of a river. There are women's organizations, such as the Kathmandu Federation of Business and Professional Women, which serve as forums to articulate the interests and problems of women in Nepal, particularly those related to working women. No review on this yet. One problem facing the Newars, who are classed by the government as janajatis, is whether or not to take advantage of the benefit offered by this status. Traditionally men wear tapuli (cap), long shirt (taplan) and trousers (suruw), also called Daura-Suruwal. Rice was another major export. To the north, visible from many places on the valley floor, tower the snow-clad peaks of the Himalayas. Newar religious culture is rich in ceremony and is marked by frequent festivals throughout the year. Jankwo or Janku is an old-age celebration. 'Gufa' is a ritual performed by Newari girls of age 9 to 13 before her first menstruation as the significance of beginning of her womanhood. Some claim Buddha to have visited Nepal during the reign of Kirat King Jitedasti. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. [109] The boy is then fully inducted into his caste status as a Dvija with the obligation to observe henceforth all commensal rules and other caste obligations(Newar: ).[107]. [9] Today, they consistently rank as the most economically and socially advanced community of Nepal, according to the annual Human Development Index published by UNDP. The "yukan," the washing of the corpse. Liquor, mostly brewed at home from rice, is indispensable in Newar social as well as ritual life. Both creeds have been established since antiquity in the valley. these settlements still exist with a little change in their names. According to this legend, the earth was originally uninhabited by humans, but half-male/half-female creatures from the Abode of Brahma used to visit the earth. Several dialects of Newari are spoken in the Kathmandu Valley, with the standard form being that of Kathmandu. After, the boy is said to be fully inducted into his caste status as a Dvija with the obligation to observe all commensal rituals. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Since this ritual is done from the age of five to nine years old, it is hard to remember for small girls. [77] The Peacock Window of Bhaktapur and Desay Madu Jhya of Kathmandu are known for their wood carving. They can cook all foods except rice to be used for ceremonial purposes and can attend ceremonial family feasts, although they are not supposed to carry water or touch god images, sacred utensils, or priests. Trade, industry and agriculture have been the mainstay of the economy of the Newars. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980. [79][80] Sandpainting of mandala made during festivals and death rituals is another specialty of Newar art. On the 13th day, the girl is dressed up as a bride with makeup, A newer movie named Barasi detailly has shown the life of a girl processing the gufa and how she dies within that period. This is the second mock marriage of a Newari girl, which marks the turning of a girl into a fertile woman. Kwti ( soup of different beans), kachil ( spiced minced meat), chhoyal ( water buffalo meat marinated in spices and grilled over the flames of dried wheat stalks), pukl ( fried meat), wo ( lentil cake), paun kw ( sour soup), swan puk ( stuffed lungs), syen ( fried liver), mye ( boiled and fried tongue), sapu mhich ( leaf tripe stuffed with bone marrow), sany khun ( jellied fish soup) and takh ( jellied meat) are some of the popular festival foods. [75] Stone sculpture, wood carving, repouss art and metal statues of Buddhist and Hindu deities made by the lost-wax casting process[76] are specimens of Newar artistry. [93] In recent times, Newars have moved to different parts of Asia, Europe and America.[94][95][96]. Bahra tayegu or bahra chuyegu (Nepal Bhasa: or ) is a coming of age ritual in the Newar community of Nepal in which girls between the ages of 7 to 13 are married to the sun god in a 12-day ceremony. Nepal script is also known as Nepal Lipi and Nepal Akhala. Vivaha means marriage. Newari painting is religious in nature and encompasses the illuminated manuscripts of the 11th century to more recent Tibetan-style thankas (painted scrolls). Raj Man Singh Chitrakar (17971865) is credited with starting watercolor painting in the country. Chattopadhyay, K. P. An Essay on the History of Newar Culture. The most important shrines in the Valley are Swayambhu Maha Chaitya or Swayambhunath (Buddhist) and Pashupatinath (Hindu). Be the first one to review. [37], Trade, industry and agriculture have been the mainstay of the economy of the Newars. [45] Three further Janku ceremonies are performed at similar auspicious milestones at age 83, 88 and 99. Bhaktapur.com is a knowledge-sharing website where anyone can obtain and share the most up-to-date information about Bhaktapur. The most peculiar ritual followed among newar girl is ihi (also ehee). [99] The biggest outdoor celebration in Bhaktapur is Biska Jatra (Bisket Jatra) which is marked by chariot processions and lasts for nine days. By sending their lads to vihar and Buddhist monasteries for three days to live a life like a monk. Most of the writings consist of prose including chronicles, popular stories and scientific manuals. ." This is a very common ceremony or an act done in every family of the newar community. Traditional Newa music consists of sacred music, devotional songs, seasonal songs, ballads and folk songs. Meals can be classified into three main categories: the daily meal, the afternoon snack and festival food. Food is also an important part of the ritual and religious life of the Newars, and the dishes served during festivals and feasts have symbolic significance. Generally, both Hindu and Buddhist deities are worshiped and festivals are celebrated by both religious groups. [4] Newar rule in Nepal Mandala ended with its conquest by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1768. The Kathmandu Valley is one of the largest of a series of Himalayan valleys that lie between the foothills and the high ranges of the Great Himalaya. [102] Different sets of ritual dishes are placed in a circle around the staple Bawji (rice flakes or Flattened) to represent and honour different sets of deities depending on the festival or life-cycle ceremony.[103]. Licchavis of Vajji, Kosala, and Malla (I)) that arrived at different periods eventually merged with the local native population by adopting their language and customs. It is a ceremony in which pre-adolescent girls are "married" to the bael fruit (wood apple), which is a symbol of the god Vishnu. Musical bands accompany religious processions in which an idol of a deity is placed in a chariot or portable shrine and taken around the city. This meal is accompanied by pickled chilies, radishes, or other condiments. They had their own culture. Menstruating Newar women can comb their own hair, and may continue to sleep in their usual place, although they sometimes go to another household woman's sleeping area to sleep. [89] Over the last two centuries, Newars have fanned out of the Kathmandu Valley and established trade centers and settled in various parts of Nepal. Among the Newar, some 88% of households have children in primary school, while 52.3% have children in secondary schools-both values considerably higher than those for Nepal as a whole. [12][13] Unlike other common-origin ethnic or caste groups of Nepal, the Newars are regarded as an example of a nation community with a relict identity, derived from an ethnically diverse, previously existing polity. Those food items are first offered to the gods and goddesses. The term "Nepali" refers to any person born within the borders of the kingdom of Nepal or from, PRONUNCIATION: aw-REE-(y)uh Death ceremonies generally follow Hindu or Buddhist rites, although there are some differences in specific practices. As a human being, one has to go through many events to qualify as a member of a community.Each event closes a chapter in life, and opens up another. [97] Many festivals are tied to Hindu and Buddhist holidays and the harvest cycle. Traditionally, the process of bahra starts with a pooja conducted by the eldest woman of the house. The ceremony that annually occurs is shradh. According to the myth, the crow and the dogs are the ancestors as well as the god of death. [107] The Buddhist priestly clan Gubhju-Bar (Bajracharya and Shakya) go through an additional initiation ceremony called Bare Chuyegu (becoming a Bar) while Bajracharya boys are further required to go through Acharyabhisheka (Sanskrit: ) which is a Tantric initiation rite that qualifies a Bajracharya to perform as a purohita. The snack generally consists of beaten rice, roasted and curried soybeans, curried potato and roasted meat mixed with spices. Patan and Bhaktapur are medieval cities with many fine examples of traditional Newari architecture. Thus, if haphazardly, even the girls husband dies later in the future, she is not considered a widow because she is also married to Vishnu, who stands alive always and forever. Images of Hindu goddesses, for instance, are found at the sacred Buddhist stupa (shrine) at Swayambhunath. [106], In this ceremony, Buddhist Newars Gubhju-Bar (Bajracharya-Shakya), Ury, Jyapu and few artisan castes like Chitrakr perform their Pravrajy (Sanskrit: ) ceremony by mimicking Gautama Buddha's ascetic and medicant lifestyle and the steps to attain monkhood and nirvana where the boy stays in a Buddhist monastery, Vihara, for three days, living the life of a monk and abandoning all material pleasures. Over the centuries, the Newar have evolved a distinctive culture that has come to be seen by many as typically Nepl. Newars share Nepl myths and traditions such as those relating to the origins of the Kathmandu Valley and the founding of the sacred shrine of Swayambhunath. More than two-thirds of this number are concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley. LANGUAGE: Oriya While Shakyas and Bajracharyas forbid women to the cremation site, other communities of Newars let the female members of the deceased join the funeral procession. Marriage by elopement is popular in some peripheral villages. The local name of this ceremony is Macha Janku. At last but not least, the Ihi the short form of Ihipaa means a marriage. Encyclopedia.com. #deathrutualsnepal #newariritual. There is a ritual in a Newari wedding where 10 Beetle nuts are kept in a silver pot (called Lampicha/: in Newar) and sent to the girl's house through the Lami (the ones who acts a messenger or middle man between two families) as a way of the daughter's hand in marriage. Similarly, any soups are served in bot ( bowls made of leaves). [40] A minority are Christian.[41]. After the second Jankwa, the person is accorded deified status. The different divisions of Newars had different historical developments. More utilitarian crafts include weaving, pottery, and basketry. It is a common ritual where the bride abandons her family and adopts her husbands name and family. When Newars meet, they use the typical Nepl word of greeting, "Namaste," accompanied by the joining of hands, palms together, in front of the body. Around the age of seven months, a first-feeding ceremony (known as Maca Jankwa) is held in the presence of family and priests. On the 13th day, the girl is dressed up as a bride with makeup, traditional newa jewelry, and a traditional wedding dress. The first one is ihi- the marriage with god vishnu . These are called shora sanskar karma which indicates the 16 rites in Hindu and Buddhist religions. [10] Nepal's 2011 census ranks them as the nation's sixth-largest ethnicity/community, with 1,321,933 Newars throughout the country. Education levels in Nepal are low, with more than one-third of the adult population having no formal schooling. This is a very common ceremony or an act done in every family of the newar community. Kathmandu Uray (Tuladhars, tc.) Tibetan influences on Newar art can be seen in the Golden Gate of Bhaktapur, a mid-18th century gilded copper gate considered the single most important work of art in the valley. And act as if he is preparing to wander out into the world. Theaters in the cities show movies, mostly Indian. For a thousand years, it was used on stone and copper plate inscriptions, coins (Nepalese mohar), palm-leaf documents and Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts. Desideri, Ippolito and Sweet, Michael Jay (2010). Political instability and problems with the structure of Nepal's economy (low levels of industrialization, a lack of mineral resources, a severe shortage of skilled labor, and heavy reliance on foreign aid) hinder solutions to many of these problems. On the same day of Mha Puja the Newari New Year is also celebrated, as per the Newari calendar or Nepal Sambat to be precise. Paanch Chare is one of the many occasions or festivals celebrated by the Newa community, natives from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Living where they do, Newars have access to the modern amenities offered by the city of Kathmandu and nearby towns. Well, it is a horror movie. Cross-cousin and parallel-cousin marriage is forbidden. Here, check out the traditional Newa wear too. On the other hand, Hindu Newars perform this ceremony as a ritual of the first stage among the four stages of life. A second category of observances includes the worship of clan gods as well as festivals of the Hindu calendar, such as Holi (the worship of Krishna) in the spring and Divali (a festival of lights that, in some areas, marks the beginning of the new year) in the fall. Literacy among the general population over 15 years old is only 45.2% (2001), but for women it is only 27.6%. Most of the 140 cm (55 in) of annual rainfall falls during the summer monsoon period from June to September. The Lichchhavis had come to Nepal from India. A Newari movie titled "Barasi" depicting the true life story of a girl's death during Gufa can give you more insights into the negative aspect of this ritual. It is believed that before the ritual the departed soul is a preta (evil spirit), and after performing this ritual . Newars visit and worship at both Hindu and Buddhist temples. Annaprasan is the ritual of rice feeding. But today, we can see more love marriages than arranged marriages. It's a hard and crispy sweet that melts in your mouth like heaven when you eat it. PRONUNCIATION: GAHNDS [32] A shrine dedicated to Manjusri is still present in Majip. These are often served by priests from the lower castes, and their worship involves blood sacrifice and offerings of liquor. 3) Yomari Punhi. The ballad Rajamati about unlucky lovers is widely popular. Nepali blandets were very famous in pataliputra (patina). The Kumari or Kumari Devi comes from the Hindu faith however most of the "traditional" Kumari in Kathmandu are Newari (original settlers of the Kathmandu Valley).In Nepal the Kumari is a prepubescent girl selected by a council from the Newari people that acts as a manifestation of divine female energy.. A Nepali Kumari is believed to be the living incarnation of the goddess Taleju also known . While other communities have no age limit to do this ceremony. Wind instruments include the bansuri (flute), payntah (long trumpet) and mwahali (short trumpet), chhusya, bhusya, taa (cymbals), and gongs are other popular instruments. Gods, Men, and Territory: Society and Culture in Kathmandu Valley. [26] Snellgrove and Richardson (1968) speak of 'the direct heritage of pre-Islamic India'. [70] Musical performances start with an overture which is a salutation to the gods. Required fields are marked *. [49] Inscriptions in Nepal Bhasa emerged from the 12th century, the palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Bahah being the first example. Newar reign over the valley and their sovereignty and influence over neighboring territories ended with the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley in 1769 by the Gorkhali Shah dynasty founded by Prithvi Narayan Shah. [50] Nepal Bhasa developed from the 14th to the late 18th centuries as the court and state language. This ritual is done among the girl between the ages of four to eleven before reaching the period of puberty, where they are married to lord Shiva that the fruit is kept in his place. Seasonal songs and ballads are associated with particular seasons and festivals. The former is referred to as Buddhamarga, the latter as Sivamarga. This tradition has the significance of showing the changing life cycle of the girl from a child into an adolescent and is carried out with the belief that the Sun will protect the . K. 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