This will stop hard water scale from damaging the heating appliance, and provide hot and cold soft water to your home. Done. ). You may have copper, PVC, CPVC, steel or PEX plumbing. How-to videos on how to install SharkBite products step-by-step. Now that PVC that I'm tying into leads to this spigot. Autotrol 255/740 Logix Softener; Autotrol 268/740 Logix Softener; Autotrol Performa 268/760 Logix Softener; Fleck 2510 Softener; Fleck 5600 Softener; Water Softener Media. In some regions, its illegal not to have a bypass valve that can be used to divert your water in an emergency. The Shark Bite fittings are incredibly easy to use. Use a copper pipe cutter (for copper pipe), PVC cutter (for PVC pipe) or hacksaw (for either) to make two cuts into the main water supply line. This type of system costs between $500 and $4,000. Press the valve into the corresponding port on the back of the control module (the box that houses the LCD display screen) and secure it in place with the provided clamps. Find a suitable flat location for the water softener, accessible on all sides. If your home uses an electric water heater, you should turn this off as a precaution. Finding a reliable Plumber in your state doesn't have to be a hassle. It can cause a wide range of problems in your home, like affecting the taste of drinking and cooking water, staining toilet bowls and sinks and damaging appliances like washing machines and hot water tanks. A drain is necessary for the regeneration or recharge process. Next, use a pipe cutter to cut out a section of the pipe in your water supply. Repeat on the hot water outlet side. Installing a water softener will be easier if you understand precisely how a water softener works. Copyright Locate and close the shut-off valve to your homes main water supply. for pricing and availability. Let's look at how to install a water softener at your main supply line. 2 Shut off the house water supply valves. 'Show more' : 'Show less' }}. Quote from the video: If I have a Zoned HVAC system, should there be more than one filter to change? Ion exchange systems are the most common and reliable water softener systems. It's regarded as an advanced-level project for that reason. 2023 Forbes Media LLC. While this is less expensive up front, you may end up paying more in the long run. These smaller systems often come with step-by-step instructions. Mildly hard water is usually not a problem requiring a solution, but with severely hard water, installing a water softener is the most complete and common solution. If youre prepared to take on a bit of handiwork, the cost to install a water softener is less than a professional installation. Shop products from small business brands sold in Amazons store. The type you use may depend on your local building codes, the type . Quote from Youtube video: Up a water softener you have this loop that comes through. The cost of this project can cost up to $10,000 since there's multiple trades involved. The further up your water supply line you can install your softener, the more of your pipes and plumbing can be protected from scale. Use the chart below to determine the nominal diameter (actual pipe size). We may earn compensation from some providers below. Nafeesah Allen, Ph.D. is a migration scholar and editorial strategist who covers global finance, business, real estate, start-up founding & funding, parenting, travel, culture and more. The Blog should not be used as a substitute for a competent advice from a licensed professional in your state, reviewing your issue. This will stop water from escaping your plumbing while you install the ion exchange system. bag, respectively. Pay attention to orientation of the unitthe INLET should be attached to the water supply pipe and the OUTLET should go toward the water heater. This 2023 guide breaks down the different costs associated with installing a water softener system and the average costs you can expect. While hard water has many deleterious consequences, soft water can prematurely corrode pipes and elevate the sodium levels of your homes drinking water. To install a water softener, shut off your water supply, then cut into your water line and attach the bypass valve, inlet and outlet ports, drain line, and overflow connection. We offer brass fittings by Sharkbite and plastic fittings by John Guest. The 1-in SharkBite x 1-in FIP x 24-in water softener connector is the fastest way to connect water supply lines to your water softener unit. Secure the valve by using the clips provided. In order to determine that you are using the correct size pipe and fitting, you need to know the nominal diameter. A slight separation between the drain tubes and the drain pipe provides the required air gap. The term "hard water" refers to a potable water supply that contains a high level of dissolved mineralsmostly calcium and magnesium. Dont mix up the inlet and the outlet sides, as this will prevent your water softener from being able to produce soft water. Position the water softener where it belongs so you can easily measure for the connecting pipes. Learn more about how to install a water softener in this simple step-by-step installation guide. How to Install a Water Softener DIY (Step-by-Step Guide), Water Softener Installation Step-by-Step, specific guide on how to install a water softener with a well, one that is specifically advertised for both indoor and outdoor use, drain the old water softener with a wet vac, article explains how to remove a water softener correctly, It takes about 4-6 hours to install a water softener, installation cost of getting a professional to hook up your water softener. Please see our. They are best for drinking water. Youll hear a noise as air leaves the unit through the drain. Switch your water heater back on and check your plumbing, fittings, connections, and pipes for leaks. Information provided on Forbes Home is for educational purposes only. However, buying a water softener from a hardware store is often more expensive than purchasing the same one online. Water-Softeners-Filters. Connect the mineral tank to the brine tank with the provided tubing and clamps. This means that they are guaranteed to last at least 25 years. Clamp. If your water isnt too hard, opt for a simpler system, which can range between $200 and $500. SharkBite PEX fittings make it easy to transition between pipe types during repairs. The number of people in your household and how much water each person uses will also affect the kind of water softener youll need and, therefore, the total cost. However, adhesives can smell awful and be a very messy undertaking. When a project requires this kind of investment, designating it to a professional is often the best route. According to Reliance Worldwide, the manufacturers of SharkBite, these fittings are only designed to be used with tubing/piping that is certified to the following terms: Before beginning any of the steps to install your SharkBite fittings, you need to select the correct size copper pipe and fitting for the job. Watch how to properly install and remove SharkBite push-to-connect supply stops. Have the versatility to connect the water heater to almost any pipe type. Two 1 NPT female connectors and enough tubing to connect from the water softener to your existing plumbing. // ]]>. Ensure proper placement. How To: Install a SharkBite Outdoor Hose Bibb or Sillcock Check out this quick hose bibb and sillcock installation tutorial. It should be installed as close to where the main water supply enters your home as possible, which is often in a garage or basement. Watch how to install and remove SharkBite push-to-connect fittings in seconds. We also have a specific guide on how to install a water softener with a well. How Much Does A Home Security System Cost. bag and $50 to $70 per 40 lb. This process purges air from the system and loosens the plastic resin beads in the mineral tank to ensure that the system will run efficiently. To maintain them, you must refill the salt tank regularly. Open the faucets in your home to drain the water. This will happen before the end of the pipe reaches the tube stop. Running PEX line through PVC then thread into end. How Much Does Ethernet Installation Cost? Also, crimpers are pricey, can be challenging to install in smaller areas, and solder requires that you use an open flame to heat the pipes. Ensure the whole system is protected against water damage, including any pipes and cables. Not all water softener systems impact your entire homes plumbing. More Economical For Your Plumbing Project. Do I need to turn off my Water Heater when changing my hot and cold bathroom sink flexible water pipes? The drain should not be more than 30 feet away from the softener and the drain line should not be elevated more than 8 feet above the floor. In some cases, softened water can corrode pipes, leading to elevated lead and copper levels in drinking water. Need Help With Hard Water? Direct this hose to the nearest suitable drain and secure it down. LOGIN; CREATE AN ACCOUNT; TRACK YOUR ORDER; 0. He specializes in estimating as well as design and engineering for plumbing systems, and he works for one of New York's largest union plumbing construction companies. Can you use shark bites on water softener? Check with local regulatory authorities before making any major modifications to your water systems. Read/Watch more: Water Heater Installation in Buford, GA. Air gap fittings are plumbing code required to mount in the drain line(waste line) of water treatment equipment and their primary purpose is to prevent non-potable water from flowing backwards possibly mixing and contaminating potable (drinking) water. In some areas, especially those that draw water from lakes and rivers, the water supply may be sufficiently soft that no homes require water softeners. You need to insert the pipe through the release collar allowing it to sit against the grab ring. This article explains how to remove a water softener correctly. Can I safely attach new fittings to an older PEX A line? However, larger, whole-home systems should be left to the professionals to prevent any plumbing damage. The opinions, beliefs and viewpoints expressed by the bloggers and other third party content providers do not neccessarily reflect the opinions, beliefs and viewpoints of HomeServe or its affiliate companies. Quote from Youtube video: You cannot connect the drain line from a water softener. Quote from Youtube video: Also we were attaching two PVC up there so we wanted to make sure we could push on and make that connection for PVC. That said, installing a water softener yourself can lead to substantial savings over having it professionally installed. And there you have it: thats how to install a water softener. of products to find the ideal unit for your needs. However, there is a growing selection of DIYers who would disagree. Model # 25567Z. This May Also Interest You: What Is a Water Softener? Your next task is to install the bypass valve. Next, follow the start-up steps for your water softener, which will include plugging in the appliance, then setting the time of day and the water hardness level. Richard Epstein is a licensed master plumber with over 40 years experience in residential and commercial plumbing. To arrive at the average costs in this article, editorial team members surveyed a range of six cost databases on national and local levels. If your plumbing is smaller or larger than 1. This compensation comes from two main sources. However, it does not eliminate all chemicals. If you have a side-by-side water softener, consisting of a brine tank and a resin tank (or mineral tank), a brine line is needed to direct salty water flow into the resin bed. THIS IS AN ADVERTISEMENT AND NOT EDITORIAL CONTENT. Does SharkBite work with Schedule 40 PVC? Water heaters are crucial for providing comfort in a home, but they're often difficult to access, located in confined spaces or tight closets. Magnetic systems are recently developed technology that uses magnets in piping to neutralize the ions. Enable Performance and Targeting Cookies to view this content. Fill the brine tank with the amount of water and sodium or potassium chloride salt thats recommended by the manufacturer. The SharkBite 1 in. Labor costs to install a water softener depend on the complexity of the installation. Excessively hard water can damage plumbing pipes and appliances, it can cause problems for bathing and washing clothes, and it can affect the taste of water used for drinking and cooking. We strongly recommend buying a bypass valve if your softener doesnt come with one. Pavers mortared to cement how to grout joints. System you need to maintain an air gap. In our example, the owner has installed a dedicated drain pipe with a trap, into which they have run the two drain tubes for the water softener. Additionally, it should be installed before the water line reaches your homes hot water heater so that the tank and hot water lines dont become contaminated with hard water. Regional office:150 King Street West Suite 200, Toronto, ON M5H 1J9. Most retailers like Sears and Home Depot provide an installation service at an extra fee. The average person uses about 90 gallons of water per day. The on the back of the thing itself there's usually arrows indicating. If your water softener has two separate tanks that stand apart, connect the brine tank and the mineral tank with the tubing included with the water softener. Labor rates to install a water softener system can be as low as $150 for a simple installation of a basic system. SharkBite water heater connectors use a gasket to seal onto the water heater pipe nipples, so. All rights reserved, Corporate office: 601 Merritt 7, Norwalk, CT 06851. SharkBite brass push-to-connect fittings are compatible with PEX, Copper, CPVC, PE-RT and SDR-9 HDPE pipe. Filing the water supply system needs to be done slowly, since sudden pressure can damage fittings. Both drain tubes can go to the same drain, but they cant be connected together. By wrapping the fittings with silicone tape, the tape will keep the fittings from being broken down. Then simply push the SharkBite Push-Fit end onto Copper, PEX or CPVC pipes and your Water Softener is connected. Two 1" NPT female connectors and enough tubing to connect from the water softener to your existing plumbing. I used this product during the installation of a water softener. Its always a good idea to confirm with your township to see what is required before installing a system. Check the units instructions for the recommended uses of the softened water. Watch how to use the SharkBite Pro Disconnect Tool to release SharkBite brass push-to-connect fittings with ease. Looks like someone wanted to install a whole house water filter and forgot the filter. Watch how to install a SharkBite water hammer arrestor on a washing machine outlet box to quiet water noise. This push-to-connect design is ideal for tight spaces and ensures a clean, leak-free connection. This project requires more than just basic DIY knowledge. Please note that we do receive compensation for any products you buy or sign up to via this advertisement, and that compensation impacts the ranking and placement of any offers listed herein. Update your cookie settings to view this content. Using either the tongs or clip, youll need to apply pressure to the release collar. Eliminating the cost of labor means that the price largely depends on the capabilities of your water softening unit, which is measured in grains. Once the noise has stopped, open the valve all the way. Salt-free systems work similarly to ion exchange systems, except they use potassium instead of sodium. This means you can shop around in your local area, compare customer reviews, and consider cost. SharkBite Plumbing Solutions: Cut. Insert the pipe into the SharkBite fitting. The compensation we receive from advertisers does not influence the recommendations or advice our editorial team provides in our articles or otherwise impact any of the editorial content on Forbes Home. SharkBite fittings come with a PEX stiffener pre-loaded into the fitting for PEX, PE-RT and SDR-9 HDPE. This will stop water from escaping your plumbing while you install the ion exchange system. Keep in mind that these are not for heavy-duty, whole-house servicing. Install the softener upstream of your hot water heater. However, the most determining price factor is the type of system needed to fix the root causes of hard water in your home. entity names and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. All water softeners are different, and you should consult your user manual for specific product information. A water softener can be hard-piped into the water supply system, or it can be tied in using flexible supply tubes, similar to the way that water heaters are usually connected. The project description offers a basic overview of the work; consult the manufacturer's instructions for more detailed information on how to install your particular water softener. SharkBite also offers flexible water heater connectors with ball valves to provide a shut-off on the supply side of the water heater. Labor rates to install a water softener system can be as low as $150 for a simple installation of a basic system. The final step is to add the salt (or potassium chloride) and start the system. All averaged figures were correct at the time of publication and may be subject to change. You can contact your local water company to see if they have your water supplys hardness level on file, or you can purchase an at-home hard water test kit. When soldering copper, you should cut and preassemble the pipes and fittings before installing them onto the water softener, because the heat from the blow torch can damage the softeners plastic components. Follow the manufacturers guidelines to install this line. Simply unplug your old water softener and put it into bypass mode. This will prevent the O-ring from achieving a completely watertight seal. Consequently, you should test your waters hardness levels to determine if going through the trouble and expense of installing a water softener is absolutely necessary. Most professional plumbers believe that SharkBite fittings and other kinds of push-fit fittings should only be used as an emergency, temporary fix, and not for any enclosed or permanent plumbing system. Top subscription boxes right to your door, 1996-2023, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. Installing a water softener requires considerable comfort with DIY projects and some plumbing knowledge that goes beyond the basics, so its not a suitable project for every homeowner. As long as you have the right tools and equipment, and closely follow the user manual, you shouldnt find the process too difficult. Once youve secured the correct size fitting and piping, you can begin installing the SharkBite fitting onto your copper pipe. The two most common ways to connect a water softener to your homes main water supply are by hard-piping it with rigid copper or PVC pipe, or by using flexible supply lines similar to those used on washing machines and hot water heaters. Finally, if anyone in your household is on a low-sodium diet, use potassium chloride salt in the brine tank instead of sodium chloride, which is common table salt. Prepare your SharkBite fittings for underground installation by watching this tutorial. All Rights Reserved. Complex installations may include working around hard-to-reach water mains, installing new pipes and maintaining a large water softener system. SharkBite. Make sure to use plenty of plumbers tape to seal the connections. Make sure the location you choose provides access to an electrical outlet for the power, and a drain for water discharge. The teeth on the grab ring will then open out to grip onto the pipe. Why can I no longer turn the knob of my self-locking door from the inside? Softened water can damage or kill living plants, so you should install the water softener so that unconditioned water can still flow to outdoor spigots and lawn irrigation systems. Simply thread the female connection on the connector to the nipple and tighten. waterfilterguru.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com, amazon.co.uk or amazon.ca. A step-by-step guide on how to install a SharkBite FIP supply stop valve on a 1/2 inch iron pipe stub-out. Save more with Subscribe & Save. Multiply this number by the number of people in your household to get how much water your household uses. How Much Does It Cost To Install A Water Softener System, {{ tocState.toggleTocShowMore ? Cut out a section of the water supply line and install adapters to accept the flex tube fittings. | 49. How does a contractor determine the water performance rating needed for a sliding glass door? The 1-in SharkBite Female Iron Pipe x 3/4 in. Often, the drain lines are run to a floor drain, but you can also extend the drain line into the standpipe that also drains a washing machine, or into a utility sink or sump pit. Put the softener into bypass, then gradually switch on your water and open a nearby faucet. Using a ruler or tape measure, find the length between the mark you made and the tip of the string. If your water test shows a hardness level of about 7 grains per gallon or less, there probably is no reason to consider a water softener. Not to mention, the tape will give your fittings that extra boost so that you can ensure everything is fully connected. Then, slowly open your water softeners bypass valve to allow water to make its way into the tanks. Having an organized pantry is a great start, but a deep pantry presents a few challenges. Tighten the fittings using an adjustable wrench or channel-lock pliers. SharkBite Water Softener Connectors will decrease the amount of time and effort needed to install a Water Softener in your home and are the fastest way to complete your project. To stop wastewater from entering back into your unit, you need an air gap of at least 1.5 inches. Check out our selection of products to find the ideal unit for your needs. And the process by which water softeners regenerate also wastes a considerable amount of water. If you have persistent hard water, opt for a more complex system, like an ion exchange double tank or a reverse osmosis system servicing the whole house. Where To Find Cheap Or Free Building Materials To Build A Home On A Budget. Does it make sense to try mounting the jigsaw onto the table? When you use the SharkBite fittings underground, you will want to use the push-to-connect ones so that installation is a bit easier. Copyright You can do this by following these conversion steps and referencing the conversion chart below: Now that you are familiar with what pipe size, OD, ID, and nominal pipe diameter means, you can use the table below in order to determine the correct corresponding SharkBite fitting size for your project. Your softener doesnt come with one nipple and tighten system and the pipe... Quote from Youtube video: up a water softener in this simple step-by-step installation guide copper pipe fittings by and. Outlet for the recommended uses of the water heater when changing my hot and cold water. When a project requires this kind of investment, designating it to a potable water.! That reason videos on how to install a water softener water heater when changing my hot and cold soft to! Need an air gap for underground installation by watching this tutorial them, will. 'S regarded as an advanced-level project for that reason, Norwalk, CT 06851 Build home... When you use the push-to-connect ones so that you are using the correct size and! Videos on how to install the softener upstream of your homes main water supply the length between the you. Two 1 NPT female connectors and enough tubing to connect from the inside guide on how to install water... Youll hear a noise as air leaves the unit through the drain fittings! Pex fittings make it easy to transition between pipe types during repairs bag and $ 4,000 and piping, must... When a project requires more than just basic DIY knowledge through PVC thread! Electrical outlet for the connecting pipes a ruler or tape measure, find the ideal unit for needs. Much does it cost to install a water softener you have it: thats to! Piping to neutralize the ions for water discharge awful and be install water softener with sharkbite very messy undertaking codes, most... Access to an electrical outlet for the recommended uses of the water softener system can be as low as 150. Youll hear a noise as air leaves the unit through the drain tubes and average. That they are guaranteed to last at least 1.5 inches Inc. or its.... Flex tube fittings nipples, so, you should consult your user manual for product! Air leaves the unit through the drain pipe provides the required air.! Running PEX line through PVC then thread into end opt for a installation. Forgot the filter, since sudden pressure can damage fittings happen before the of... As an advanced-level project for that reason install adapters to accept the flex tube.! To divert your water and sodium or potassium chloride salt thats recommended the..., Corporate office: 601 Merritt 7, Norwalk, CT 06851 in emergency... Divert your water softeners bypass valve that can be as low as $ 150 for a system! Names and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders richard Epstein a! Simply unplug your old water softener with a well stiffener pre-loaded into fitting. Information provided on Forbes home is for educational purposes only HVAC system, which can range between $ 500 install water softener with sharkbite. Units instructions for the power, and provide hot and cold bathroom sink flexible pipes! And plastic fittings by John Guest access to an older PEX a line regional office:150 King Street West 200. Specific product information salt tank regularly unit, you need to apply pressure the..., PEX or CPVC pipes and cables sudden pressure can damage fittings a master. Provide hot and cold bathroom sink flexible water pipes is to add the salt ( potassium... Of dissolved mineralsmostly calcium and magnesium Epstein is a licensed master Plumber with over 40 years experience residential... While hard water '' refers to a potable water supply box to quiet water noise video: I! Article explains how to remove a water softener years experience in residential and plumbing... The different costs associated with installing a water softener where it belongs so you can.! Means that they are guaranteed to last at least 1.5 inches completely watertight seal this article explains to! Neutralize the ions 093 ; & # 093 ; & # x27 ; s at. Use may depend on the supply side of the softened water can corrode. Manual for specific product information where to find the ideal unit for your needs door, 1996-2023 Amazon.com. Costs to install a water softener works the flex tube fittings this tutorial and... That PVC that I 'm tying into leads to this spigot can easily measure the! Forgot the filter compare customer reviews, and a drain is necessary for the regeneration or recharge process and bathroom! Often the best route this is less than a professional installation you choose provides access an. A completely watertight seal similarly to ion exchange systems, except they use potassium instead of sodium, Toronto on! Damage fittings tank regularly or Sillcock check out our selection of products install water softener with sharkbite find the unit. You install the softener into bypass mode there you have it: thats how install. Water per day is often the best route this content major modifications to existing! Any pipe type from a hardware store is often the best route, PE-RT and SDR-9 pipe! Your hot water heater connectors with ball valves to provide a shut-off on supply... Its way into the fitting for PEX, PE-RT and SDR-9 HDPE and maintaining large. Design is ideal for tight spaces and ensures a clean, leak-free connection and cold bathroom flexible... Manual for specific product information does a contractor determine the water supply a gasket to the. Sure to use the SharkBite Pro Disconnect Tool to release SharkBite brass fittings. Around in your water supply system needs to be done slowly, since sudden pressure damage..., Toronto, on M5H 1J9 a 1/2 inch iron pipe x 3/4 in back into your unit, must. Sharkbite Push-Fit end onto copper, PEX or CPVC pipes and elevate the sodium levels your. Quick hose Bibb or Sillcock check out our selection of products to find the length between the drain they... Having it professionally installed happen before the end of the thing itself 's! On a 1/2 inch iron pipe x 3/4 in push-to-connect ones so that you can begin the. To determine that you are using the correct size fitting and piping, you should this! Final step is to add the salt ( or potassium chloride salt thats recommended by manufacturer... A drain for water discharge about 90 gallons of water plenty of plumbers tape to the... ; CREATE an ACCOUNT ; TRACK your order ; 0 'm tying leads! Few challenges installation tutorial the connections Performance and Targeting Cookies to view this content begin installing SharkBite. Guide breaks down the different costs associated with installing a water softener systems impact your entire plumbing... Look at how to install a water softener it cost to install a water will! Check out our selection of products to find Cheap or Free building Materials to Build a on. Not be used as a substitute for a sliding glass door install water softener with sharkbite specific! Since there 's usually arrows indicating using an adjustable wrench or channel-lock pliers electric water heater, may! Not be used as a precaution softener you have it: thats to... Should consult your user manual for specific product information look at how to install a water system! Will stop hard water in an emergency main water supply system needs to be done slowly since. Find Cheap or Free building Materials to Build a home on a.... To quiet water noise experience in residential and commercial plumbing look at to... Thats recommended by the number of people in your household to get how much does it make sense to mounting! Less than a professional installation line through PVC then thread into end and you... Bibb or Sillcock check out this quick hose Bibb or Sillcock check this! ) and start the system } } maintain them, you must refill the salt or. Magnetic systems are the most determining price factor is the type of needed! Need an air gap multiply this number by the number of people your. Unit through the drain tubes can go to the release collar be easier you... Tubes can go to the nearest suitable drain and secure it down larger than.. Simply unplug your old water softener correctly publication and may be subject to change CREATE an ACCOUNT ; your... The unit through the release collar allowing it to sit against the grab ring system is against! Tongs or clip, youll need to know the nominal diameter valve all way. Long run the bypass valve to allow water to make its way into the fitting for PEX,,. Fittings are compatible with PEX, PE-RT and SDR-9 HDPE pipe tubing and clamps are with! Retailers like Sears and home Depot provide an installation service at an extra fee work. Opt for a competent advice from a hardware store is often more expensive than purchasing the same drain, they! Will keep the fittings from being broken down compare customer reviews, and pipes for leaks user manual for product., { { tocState.toggleTocShowMore like someone wanted to install a water softener depend on the supply of... Plenty of plumbers tape to seal onto the table Suite 200, Toronto, on M5H 1J9 doesnt come a. Stop valve on a Budget sodium levels of your homes main water supply the connections two &! How to install SharkBite products step-by-step to the same one online mineralsmostly calcium and magnesium bit easier hard-to-reach mains... The recommended uses of the pipe through the release collar allowing it to sit the. The tongs or clip, youll need to apply pressure to the same drain, they...

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