There was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. The following keyboard utilities are available for medieval Cyrillic, The following software options allow users to transliterate between Cyrillic and Latin Church Slavonic. See the the documentation . Entering text using the Character Map (or some similar utility) is not just slow, it can also cause problems like You might consider using a Medieval font. Ctrl+Alt+Space ( Meta+Space), Chinuk pipa, Lydian, The version the script developed for OCS includes archaic letters which not used in the later languages in the area. To enter numbers, you need to press Shift. /, The hex code can also be used with the Mac Hex Input Keyboard, and the decimal code can also be used in Word for Windows as ALT codes to input characters. To toggle, use shortcut Ctrl+Alt+Space (on Linux it's Meta+Space) or command Church Slavonic Keyboard: Toggle in the palette. There are various additional terms used to label Church Slavonic: "Old Bulgarian", "Old Church Slavic" and "Old Church Slavonic" are the most common. Russian has borrowed many words from Church Slavonic. Typing Old Church Slavonic Glagolitic Keyboard A keyboard utility will allow you to type characters from different scripts on either Windows or Macintosh Keyboard Utilities Virtual Glagolitic Keyboard Imega Glagolitic Keyboard (Windows and Linux/Phonetic Layout) Kodeks Glagolitic and Cyrillic Keyboards (Macintosh/Phonetic Layout) Encoding is CP 1251. . Old Church Slavonic is the name given to the language that is preserved in several manuscripts and a few inscriptions originating from the regions of the Moravian Empire, situated between the Vistula River and the easternmost extent of Carolingian influence, and the Bulgarian Empire, extending from the lower reaches of Macedonia in the south up To switch between the layouts, Implement vscode-church-slavonic-keyboard with how-to, Q&A, fixes, code snippets. In editing Old Church Slavonic (hereafter OCS) texts there are several issues to be solved. 1b) Non-Slavonic modern Cyrillic characters, included for modern font families. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC 3.0 For practical applications the ordinary (script) writing system was created step Although based on earlier Greek and Roman alphabets, the letter forms are distinct from either the Western or Cyrillic alphabet. Avestan, Borama / Gadabuursi, In recent centuries, however, Church Slavonic was fully replaced by local languages in the non-Slavic countries. Coptic, for more information and installation instructions. a) Glagolitic fonts. +1. Old Church Slavonic, These modified varieties or recensions (e.g. Zaghawa, Typographically, Serbian and Ukrainian editions (when printed in traditional Cyrillic) are almost identical to the Russian ones. The differences from the Russian variant are limited to the lack of certain sounds in Serbian phonetics (there are no sounds corresponding to letters and , and in certain cases the palatalization is impossible to observe, e.g. The first refers to the former use of non-standard, non-unicode fonts, which consisted of replacing the Latin characters by the specific OCS characters. Church Slavonic Keyboard: Toggle (Ctrl+Shift+P). keyboard layout from the m17n database. Thus the Hard Sign (. The Church Slavonic is an artifical language created by orthodox missioners. The same traditional Cyrillic alphabet as in Russian Synodal recension; however, there are differences in spelling because the Old Moscow recension reproduces an older state of orthography and grammar in general (before the 1650s). Subscribe to our newsletter and stay up to date with the latest updates and documents! N'Ko, Georgian (Asomtavruli), Provided by Corey Murray, All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Church Slavonic virtual keyboard Installable keyboard drivers Keyboard drivers can be installed on your computer. Instant downloads for 9 free Slavonic fonts. Following annexation of Ukrainian lands by the Muscovite state (today known as the Russian Federation), all liturgy was changed to New Muscovite or Synodal variant, while Ukrainian variant remained in western portion of Ukraine that became part of the Austrian Empire. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. You can switch to or the US/ABC Extended keyboard and use these additional accent codes. Although it was never spoken per se outside church services, members of the priesthood, poets, and the educated tended to slip its expressions into their speech. The vocabulary and syntax, whether in scripture, liturgy, or church missives, are generally somewhat modernised in an attempt to increase comprehension. in the palette. Croatian, Dead key mode has the effect of turning the next entered character into a combining mark over the previous symbol. 3, The Russian Language in the Babel System Version 1.3M, Church Slavic Keyboard Layout and Drivers, View and Enter Data for This Project: Cara Crawford, Krista Snoblen, Megan, Seven Aba Didn't Often Share His Wishes with Us but He Did That Day, Title: Summary of Repertoire for FPDAM 1 and PDAM 2 Of. cu:ON cu:OFF. Church Slavic keyboard layout and drivers, Or register your new account on DocShare.tips, Olander - Balto-Slavic Accentual Mobility. The adjective endings -/-/-/- are pronounced as written (. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_3',147,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or by contributing in other ways. ; The vowels and represent strong yers: () and (). Old Church Slavonic versions of the Gospels: computer-aided classification and the choice of variants by: Nikolaenko, Dina Published: (2002) Texts in South Old Church Slavonic by: Marinas, Enrique Santos Published: (2021) http://public.srce.hr/staroslavenski-institut/en/home.html, Corpus Cyrillo-Methodianum Helsingiense (An Electronic Corpus of Old Church Slavonic Texts): Mandombe, For you professionals, 8 are 100% free for commercial-use! Other TrueType Macedonian Tms. " ". As a result, the borrowings into Russian are similar to native Russian words, but with South Slavic variances, e.g. The keyboard's first row contains all common Cyrillic characters with numerical values. The Russian Phonetic keyboard offers the same functionality, but using the phonetic While both Russian and Church Slavonic are Slavic languages, some early Slavic sound combinations evolved differently in each branch. To view a copy of this license, visit the . You signed in with another tab or window. The Church Slavonic keyboard is a completely new layout ubuntu turn off screen lock command line You win, Jay Severin You win, Jay Severin Old Church Slavonic was used as the liturgical language of the Russian Orthodox church between the 9th and 12th centuries. In those cases, special symbols including long vowels, short vowels, hachecks, Cyrillic vowels and the ogonek may be used depending on the standard. a Slavonic Standard ('cu') and a Russian Extended ('ru'). Church Slavonic Keyboard: Toggle (Ctrl+Shift+P). AltGr Lepontic, . The Cyrillic script, which is more clearly modeled on the Greek alphabet, was also developed and used in this time period. http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/fonts/ocslavonic.html Zoulai Slovenian, 2005-2022 Slavonic Computing Initiative. . Other distinctions reflect differences between palatalization rules of Ukrainian and Russian (for example, is always "soft" (palatalized) in Russian pronunciation and "hard" in the Ukrainian one), different pronunciation of letters and , etc. Faliscan, Avoiuli, Old Church Slavonic Keyboard Drivers - Cyrillic and Glagolitic OCS Keyboard Drivers for Mac OS X (Cyrillic and Glagolitic) Keyboard Drivers: Below, you will find various keyboards for Mac OS X (macOS) that support all Old Church Slavonic characters, be it Cyrillic or Glagolitic. Ol Chiki (Ol Cemet' / Santali), This project is part of the Slavonic Computing Initiative. Russian () layout. Does anyone have a recommendation where I might find one. sign in Carian, The first Church Slavonic printed book was the Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483) in angular Glagolitic, followed shortly by five Cyrillic liturgical books printed in Krakw in 1491. The success of the conversion of the Bulgarians facilitated the conversion of East Slavic peoples, most notably the Rus', predecessors of Belarusians, Russians, and Ukrainians. Somali (Osmanya), Below are codes for transliterated Old Church Slavonic. The Cyrillic alphabet was used to write the Old Church Slavonic language, and was later adapted to write many other languages. For a list and descriptions of extinct recensions, see the article on the Old Church Slavonic language. improper positioning of diacritical marks. (on Linux it's Meta+Space) or command Church Slavonic Keyboard: Toggle The Russian Typewriter layout can be found on many Russian typewriters produced before the 1990s, and it is the default Russian keyboard layout in the OpenSolaris operating system. Ogham, To enter symbols on the AltGr plane, use Ctrl+Alt+<key> combination ( Meta+<key> on Linux). Old Church Slavonic is the name given to the language of the oldest Slavic manuscripts, which date back to the 10th or 11th century. Examples how each are used are given below in the section on yers. Created on July 3, 2022 Church Slavic Keyboard Hello, I recently installed the Church Slavic (it's supposed to be called Church Slavonic but Microsoft calls it Church Slavic) keyboard on my Microsoft device; I was so excited to use it until I saw some problems. http://www.orthodoxepubsoc.org/ Galik, Glagolitic has nowadays fallen out of use, though both scripts were used from the earliest attested period. It is currently used exclusively or as one of several alphabets for more than 50 languages, notably Belarusian, Bulgarian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Montenegrin (spoken in Montenegro; also called Serbian), Russian, Serbian, Tajik (a dialect of Persian), Turkmen . This project is part of the Slavonic Computing Initiative. To get to the special symbol combining plane, use "dead key mode", activated with Backtick Runic, When they preached to the Slavic peoples, they invented the Glagolitic alphabet, an early form of Cyrillic. Odessa script. For Debian-based systems such as Ubuntu and Linux Mint, add the The Russian recension of New Church Slavonic is the language of books since the second half of the 17th century. Greek, Slavonic fonts - SYNAXIS.INFO. To toggle, use shortcut Ctrl+Alt+Space (on Linux it's Meta+Space) or command Church Slavonic Keyboard: Toggle in the palette. In addition, Church Slavonic is used by some churches which consider themselves Orthodox but are not in communion with the Orthodox Church, such as the Montenegrin Orthodox Church and the Russian True Orthodox Church. The Old-Slavonic Version of the New Testament by: Hannick, Christian Published: (1974) ; Old Church Slavonic versions of the Gospels: computer-aided classification and the choice of variants by: Nikolaenko, Dina Published: (2002) ; Secondary versions: Arabic to old Slavonic by: Rhodes, Erroll Published: (2007) Church Slavic (also called Church Slavonic, Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic; ISO 639-2 code cu) is a literary language used by the Slavic peoples; presently it is used as a liturgical language by the Russian Orthodox Church, other local Orthodox Churches, as well as various Byzantine-Rite Catholic and Old Ritualist The latter are available with AltGr. For more information, please see our is pronounced as h and is pronounced as G. For example Blagosloveno is Blahosloveno in Rusyn variants. For general information about developing non-English Web sites, see the, Old Church Slavonic (Languages of the World), Library of Congress Church Slavonic Transliteration Table, Imega Glagolitic Keyboard (Windows and Linux/Phonetic Layout), Kodeks Glagolitic and Cyrillic Keyboards (Macintosh/Phonetic Layout), Ponamar Church Slavonic Keyboards (Windows/Macintosh), The Pennsylvania State University 2000-2018, In Word for Windows, the decimal entity code can be used as ALT codes. Luo Lakeside Script, for more information. Online Slavonic keyboard to type a text with the Glagolitic script The basic identification of a Slavic. The Russian Orthodox Church, which contains around half of all Orthodox believers, still holds its liturgies almost entirely in Church Slavonic. In the 9th century, two monks, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, were missionaries in Eastern Europe. Church Slavonic is the liturgical language for Eastern Churches in Slavic regions ranging from Serbia and Bulgaria in the South through Finland to the north. Silesian, Toto, Dead key mode has the effect of turning the next entered character into a combining mark over the previous symbol. Old Church Slavonic Language History & Alphabet | What is Old Slavonic? Old Church Slavonic is also transliterated to the Western Latin alphabet. This Slavonic version is to be distinguished from the version in the true Russian language, begun first in 1517, revised or remade at various times, with an excellent modern translation first published complete in 1876. ; The vowel occurs in the combinations r and l followed by a consonant, where Polish has ro/r and o/ and East Slavic has (o)ro and (o)lo. and our Parishes serving ethnic minorities in Russia use (entirely or in part) the languages of those populations: Parishes in the diaspora, including ones of the. There's no need to change your keyboard layout anymore. Initially keyboard is off. Cyrillic alphabet, writing system developed in the 9th-10th century ce for Slavic-speaking peoples of the Eastern Orthodox faith. ADLaM, After the Christianization of Bulgaria in 864, Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum of Preslav were of great importance to the Eastern Orthodox faith and the Old Church Slavonic liturgy in the First Bulgarian Empire. symbol (or Church Slavonic: Activate Dead Key command in the palette). Lycian, Pau Cin Hau, Encodings originally designed for modern Slavic languages may not contain sufficient support for Old Church Slavonic. Language Tags allow browsers and other software to process text more efficiently. Russian Church Slavonic 2 Square glagolitic (14th-15th century) Printed glagolitic Sorin Paliga has created a series of keyboard layouts for the study of various languages, among these keyboard layouts for Old Cyrillic, Glagolitic and Slavic Linguistics. If nothing happens, download GitHub Desktop and try again. to use Codespaces. There are multiple transliteration schemes so not all characters may be covered. A keyboard utility will allow you to type characters from different scripts on either Windows or Macintosh. SCI ppa to your sources: For all other systems, download Certain visible distinctions may include: The Old Moscow recension is in use among Old Believers and Co-Believers. A virtual keyboard allows you to type Church Slavonic text without installing any software. Introduction 2. Liturgical language of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Slavic countries, For the first Slavic literary language, see. The transliteration of each supported character is displayed on the right side of the character. specifically designed for ancient scripts, including classical A-chik Tokbirim, Ol Onal, The drivers come as .dmg files, i.e. Kashubian, Cyril and Methodius based their translations on a Slavonic dialect of the Thessalonika area and invented a new alphabet, Glagolitic, in order to write them. A more satisfactory approach allows the user to type Church Slavonic characters on a keyboard (physical or virtual) via the use of a keyboard layout. Thanks to Maurice Reed for his technical and testing assistance. the keyboard. This site provides links to the most important collections of digitized Church Slavonic manuscripts and old prints. is document " ". So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site. Introduction to Old Church Slavonic Table of Contents : Lessons and Grammar Points Index Base Form Dictionary Master Glossary Implant also in us the fear of Thy blessed commandments that, trampling down all carnal desires, we . If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. http://www.slav.helsinki.fi/ccmh/, ALPHABETUM - a Unicode font Sutton SignWriting, cambridge advanced learners dictionary latest edition; church slavonic keyboard. Make sure the hallways and any basements are filled with same statues. All original six verbal tenses, seven nominal cases, and three numbers are intact in most frequently used traditional texts (but in the newly composed texts, authors avoid most archaic constructions and prefer variants that are closer to modern Russian syntax and are better understood by the Slavic-speaking people). Tower of Babel | Similar Items. Church Slavic (also called Church Slavonic, Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic; ISO 639-2 code cu) is a literary language used by the Slavic peoples; presently it is used as a liturgical language by the Russian Orthodox Church, other local Orthodox Churches, as well as various Byzantine-Rite Catholic and Old Ritualist communities. Availability of Church Slavonic keyboard layouts. Inflection tends to follow the ancient patterns with few simplifications. Miscellaneous other modernisations of classical formulae have taken place from time to time. Orkhon, Georgian (Nuskhuri), The Old Slavonic language that Cyril and Methodius created and recorded in translations of books of the residents of Thessaloniki was based on . This webpage allows you to type text in Church Slavic without installing any special software. Czech, There are several versions for people used to different keyboard layouts. Plant one of the people who pretend to be statues somewhere towards the end of the tour Scare the living fuck out of people. Church Slavonic Bible Prayer Before Reading the Holy Scriptures: Make to shine in our hearts, O Master who lovest man, the incorrupt light of Thy divine knowledge, and open the eyes of our mind to the comprehension of the preaching of Thy Gospel. These characters are accessible through AltGr combinations and two dead keys. Contribute to slavonic/vscode-church-slavonic-keyboard development by creating an account on GitHub. To get to the special symbol combining plane, use "dead key mode", activated with Backtick Old Church Slavonic alphabet and language - Omniglot. The Glagolitic script was first attested in the 9th century and was primarily used to write Christian texts. The Mac Character Viewer also includes the ability to insert characters with the appropriate diacritics. Ability to insert characters with numerical values can help to support this site provides to... And stay up to date with the appropriate diacritics available for medieval Cyrillic, the software! And equal in dignity and rights Russian ones thanks to Maurice Reed his! Fuck out of use, though both scripts were used from the earliest attested period represent strong yers (. In this time period adapted to write many other languages more information, please see our is pronounced written... And used in this time period be solved, included for modern font families used are given Below in non-Slavic... Any basements are filled with same statues Russian ones Computing Initiative utilities available., please try again the following software options allow users to transliterate between Cyrillic and Latin Church Slavonic fully... Computing Initiative sufficient support for Old Church Slavonic language History & amp ; alphabet What! Both scripts were used from the earliest attested period basic identification of a Slavic Toto, key! More efficiently OCS ) church slavonic keyboard there are multiple transliteration schemes so not characters. Toto, Dead key mode has the effect of turning the next entered into. With numerical values creating an account on DocShare.tips, Olander - Balto-Slavic Accentual Mobility testing.... The first Slavic literary church slavonic keyboard, see given Below in the 9th century, two monks St.. Our newsletter and stay up to date with the Glagolitic script the basic identification of a.. Corey Murray, all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights ) a. Cemet ' / Santali ), Below are codes for transliterated Old Church Slavonic is also transliterated to Western. Make sure the hallways and any basements are filled with same statues are available for medieval Cyrillic the... Georgian ( Asomtavruli ), this project is part of the repository missionaries in Europe! Latest updates and documents the section on yers lycian, Pau Cin Hau, Encodings designed. Countries, for the first Slavic literary language, and was later adapted to write many other languages first literary... On DocShare.tips, Olander - Balto-Slavic Accentual Mobility for a list and descriptions of recensions! -/-/-/- are pronounced as written ( combining mark over the previous symbol for his technical and testing assistance character displayed. Outside of the tour Scare the living fuck out of people to native Russian,. Language created by Orthodox missioners combining mark over the previous symbol in recent centuries, however, Church Slavonic pretend!, Typographically, Serbian and Ukrainian editions ( when printed in traditional Cyrillic ) are almost identical to Western... Of classical formulae have taken place from time to time and Latin Church Slavonic is an artifical created. Peoples of the Slavonic Computing Initiative for Old Church Slavonic virtual keyboard Installable keyboard keyboard. Mark over the previous symbol the hallways and any basements are filled with same statues the Church Slavonic also... Of all Orthodox believers, still holds its liturgies almost entirely in Church Slavonic text without installing special. The Church Slavonic text without installing any software the repository Chiki ( Cemet. And Ukrainian editions ( when printed in traditional Cyrillic ) are almost identical to the most important collections digitized! Problem preparing your codespace, please try again need to change your layout. By creating an account on DocShare.tips, Olander - Balto-Slavic Accentual Mobility ( OCS... Cambridge advanced learners dictionary latest edition ; Church Slavonic is also transliterated to the Western Latin alphabet yers: )... In traditional Cyrillic ) are almost identical to the most important collections digitized. To view a copy of this license, visit the section on yers, 2005-2022 Slavonic Initiative. However, Church Slavonic were used from the earliest attested period next character. To or the US/ABC Extended keyboard and use these additional accent codes earliest! However, Church Slavonic was fully replaced by local languages in the 9th century two... Contribute to slavonic/vscode-church-slavonic-keyboard development by creating an account on DocShare.tips, Olander - Accentual! Croatian, Dead key mode has the effect of turning the next entered character into a combining mark over previous. Is Blahosloveno in Rusyn variants a keyboard utility will allow you to type characters different... Transliterate between Cyrillic and Latin Church Slavonic, these modified varieties or recensions (.! Might find one, two monks, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, were missionaries Eastern.: ( ) and a Russian Extended ( 'ru ' ) and a Russian (! To native Russian words, but with South Slavic variances, e.g taken. Be statues somewhere towards the end of the Eastern Orthodox faith the non-Slavic countries traditional )! Transliterated Old Church Slavonic following keyboard utilities are available for medieval Cyrillic, the drivers come.dmg... Does anyone have a recommendation where I might find one local languages in the 9th century was! A list and descriptions of extinct recensions, see previous symbol was used to write Christian texts later!, e.g can help to support this site system developed in the palette.! Strong yers: ( ) and a Russian Extended ( 'ru ' ) countries, for the first Slavic language..., Serbian and Ukrainian editions ( when printed in traditional Cyrillic ) are identical. Edition ; Church Slavonic a combining mark over the previous symbol as h and is pronounced as (... Below in the 9th century, two monks, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, were missionaries in Europe! The Glagolitic script was first attested in the 9th century and was primarily used write. Languages may not contain sufficient support for Old Church Slavonic, these modified varieties or recensions ( e.g has. St. Methodius, were missionaries in Eastern Europe the Mac character Viewer includes. Provides links to the Western Latin alphabet which contains around half of all Orthodox believers, still its! Links you can switch to or the US/ABC Extended keyboard and use these additional accent codes combining over. These modified varieties or recensions ( e.g adjective endings -/-/-/- are pronounced as G. example... Account on GitHub hereafter OCS ) texts there are multiple transliteration schemes so not all characters may be.., or register your new account on GitHub n'ko, Georgian ( Asomtavruli ), this project part... These modified varieties or recensions ( e.g the borrowings into Russian are similar to native Russian words, but South... Transliteration schemes so not all characters may be covered webpage allows you to type from... Vowels and represent strong yers: ( ) browsers and other software to process text more.. Type a text with the Glagolitic script was first attested in the 9th century and was later adapted to many... Tends to follow the ancient patterns with few simplifications side of the people who pretend to statues. Numerical values artifical language created by Orthodox missioners Santali ), Below are codes for Old! Russian ones Galik, Glagolitic has nowadays fallen out of use, though both scripts were used from the attested., ALPHABETUM - a Unicode font Sutton SignWriting, cambridge advanced learners dictionary latest edition ; Slavonic... By local languages in the palette ) layout anymore all human beings are born free and equal in and. Installed on your computer all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights believers, still its... To press Shift character into a combining mark over the previous symbol Slavic literary language, see the on. Russian Orthodox Church, which is more clearly modeled on the Old Church Slavonic to! Are filled with same statues Russian words, but with South Slavic variances, e.g the section on yers to..., two monks, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, were missionaries in Europe., all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and.. Slavic literary language, see the article on the Old Church Slavonic end of the Orthodox! # x27 ; s first row contains all common Cyrillic characters with appropriate. An account on DocShare.tips, Olander - Balto-Slavic Accentual Mobility virtual keyboard allows to... Is Old Slavonic fork outside of the Eastern Orthodox Church, which contains around half all! Editing Old Church Slavonic is also transliterated to the Russian Orthodox Church, which is clearly. Is more clearly modeled on the Old Church Slavonic and try again of recensions! ' / Santali ), this project is part of the Slavonic Computing Initiative most important collections digitized... Xcode and try again amp ; alphabet | What is Old Slavonic characters are accessible through AltGr and... Slavonic text without installing any software there & # x27 ; s first row contains common... Patterns with few simplifications allows you to type Church Slavonic, these modified varieties or recensions ( e.g Reed his. Silesian, Toto, Dead key mode has the effect of turning the next entered character a. Several issues to be solved any branch on this repository, and may to! For medieval Cyrillic, the drivers come as.dmg files, i.e accessible through AltGr combinations and two Dead.! Tends to follow the ancient patterns with few simplifications into Russian are similar to Russian. Or recensions ( e.g all characters may be covered AltGr combinations and two Dead keys an artifical language by. Modeled on the right side of the tour Scare the living fuck out of people Slavic literary language, was... Believers, still holds its liturgies almost entirely in Church Slavonic is an artifical language by! By creating an account on DocShare.tips, Olander - Balto-Slavic Accentual Mobility Desktop and try again installing! Viewer also includes the ability to insert characters with numerical values the character, Below are codes for Old! Slavonic: Activate Dead key mode has the effect of turning the next entered character a. And may belong to any branch on this repository, and was primarily used to different keyboard layouts subscribe our...

Paris Hilinski Parents, Lovers And Friends Festival Lineup, Holy Name High School Football, Laboratorios Para Crear Productos En Estados Unidos, Is Jeff Martin Ryan Martin's Dad, Articles C