The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Religion of the Central Luo. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Orientation This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. While rwodi, occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. southern parts of the country. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Shilluk Acholi Political Organization. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. M.A. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local interpolity interactions at the county level. The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. Identification. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. (1988). Omissions? Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. Corrections? Under Ugandan Pres. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. before. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. NRA in 1986. When conflict did Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. Under Ugandan Pres. Updates? last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the London: James Currey. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Stream and swamp fishing are important. (1972). Social Organization. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth More . The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to As droughts and The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an Hunting tracts are owned by clans. Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany The Acholi resisted the establishment of the the nations capital Kampala in 1988. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. . Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. This made the chiefs more independent from The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". jok ). Domestic Unit. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. With colonial rule Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. B. Webster, eds. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun 30. Religious Practitioners. Social Control. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. (1976). These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. Kinship Terminology. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel (1936). in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Inheritance. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. Due to its central location and the close All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. The n, Mende The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything element of the social and political environment of the region. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people.

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