If this is not an insult to the illustrious history of a nation there can never be one given. More straightforward-seeming analysis of words proceed according to the science of numerology and according to the science of letters: he decodes a word like black via its numerological significance (11) or the meanings of the letters (B or Beth: being life or death) (see page 54). He moved to Detroit, where he formed his own group, an organization that would become the Nation of Islam. Democrats say they have less confidence in the Supreme Court, on . Or are those of us who are ultimately defrauded just now more susceptible to the guiles and brilliance of successful frauds? (715 ILCS 5/) The original Moorish Charter of the HONOBLE Noble Drew Ali And Title to HIS Vast Estate Express Trust: Form 1099 . 21 Drew Ali, A Warning from the Prophet in 1928. The peculiarities of language use are Drew Ali's. 31 Chris, March 12, 2013 (4:14 a.m.), comment on Azeem Hopkins-Bey, Subject of Exposition: Free National Name?, Operation Proclamation, March 11, 2013, http://operationproclamation.org/subject-of-exposition-free-national-name.html. Some followers also claim to have roots in America. (2002). In these he wrote: The fallen sons and daughters of the Asiatic Nation of North America need to learn to love instead of hate; and to know of their higher self and lower self. [55] Various groups and individuals identifying as Moorish sovereign citizens have used the unorthodox "quantum grammar" created by David Wynn Miller. [17], They added the suffixes Bey or El to their surnames, to signify Moorish heritage as well as their taking on the new life as Moorish Americans. They often append El or Bey to their last names. Because they have all filed their federal cases by themselves, the various judges involved have shown them considerable leeway in allowing them to make their claims, no matter how seemingly nonsensical they might be - such as that they are not, in fact, citizens of "the US corporation" and that the state troopers and county prosecutors involved in their cases are guilty of both treason and genocide. Timothy Drew, known to its members as Prophet Noble Drew Ali, founded the Moorish Science Temple of America in 1913 in Newark, New Jersey, a booming industrial city. Follow the step-by-step instructions below to eSign your moorish american citizenship application: Select the document you want to sign and click Upload. 36 El Amin, Nationality, 45 (In this and following citations to El Amin, italics are original unless otherwise noted.). . On March 15, Green-Bey was stabbed to death at the Unity Hall of the Moorish Science Temple, on Indiana Avenue in Chicago.[28]. 32 Sarif Anael Bey, March 13, 2013 (1:34 p.m.), comment on Azeem Hopkins-Bey, What is Our Free National Name?, Operation Proclamation, March 11, 2013, http://operationproclamation.org/subject-of-exposition-free-national-name.html. please see the instructions on the grid page to make sure you have completed the process to have your notice of removals accepted and the writ of execution processed and serviced on the CORPORATION attempting to adjudicate when jurisdiction was not validated for the record. He simply walked in and lived there. However, the governors of the Moorish Science Temple of America declared Charles Kirkman Bey to be the successor to Drew Ali and named him Grand Advisor.[36]. The men in the Rise of the Moors group arrested in the July 4 weekend standoff on I-95 made several outbursts in court Tuesday, questioning the judge and even disputing their own names. Tarik Bey has his own notions of conspiracy and hegemony: Masonry is Islam, the science, he says, and it is through the science of Islam that Europeans (so-called whites) rule the world, but what he shares with the majority of contemporary Moorish Science thinkers is this emphasis on etymology as revealing the forgotten or concealed truth of words. [18] According to The Chicago Defender, he claimed the power to marry and divorce at will.[19]. Do you drive? [11], This text came to be known as the Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America. [9] In 2014 an article in the online Journal of Race Ethnicity and Religion attempted to link Timothy Drew to one Thomas Drew, born January 8, 1886, using census records, a World War I draft card, and street directory records. 17 Drew Ali, All Registering, Moorish Guide, October 26, 1928, Moorish Science Temple Papers, 19261967 (box 1, folder 5), Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York City. moorish american consulate gateway to the article iii moorish american consular court mailing location: care of 401 east 1st street #158 near. There are three variants; a typed, drawn or uploaded signature. "Moorish Science Temple of America", in, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 21:46. 76 Taj Tariq Bey on the Battlefield, 6:44. Our concepts are wrong: we are the druids! Taj Tarik Bey Black and White Is a Legal Status, 21:11. traveler; Ibid., driver.. All three factions (Kirkman Bey, Mealy El, and Givens El) are active today. when the forefathers of the Moorish Americans were first brought to this nation they had a nationality and a name, but in order to separate them from the achievements of their fathers a name was given them which had no connection whatever with the founders of civilization. "A Sudanese Missionary to the United States". I 'm old enough to remember when college loan recipients expected to repay their student loan balance. Drew Ali, A Warning from the Prophet in 1928.. Snake oil salesman and Jim Bakkers are always around. 695. pursuant to article 20 of the treaty of peace and friendship between his imperial majesty the emperor of morocco and the United States of America 1787 and 1836 recorded in the public statues at large of the UNITED STATES, volume 8 pages 100 through 104 and 484 through 487, the treaty known as treaty with morocco: if any of the citizens of the United States, or any persons under their protection, shall have any disputes with each other, the consul shall decide between the parties and whenever the consul shall require any aid or assistance from our government to enforce his decisions it shall be immediately granted to him. No indictment was sworn for Drew Ali at that time. For instance, he explains that They call our children pickaninnies. 1.) [22] The following year he officially registered Temple No. After some difficulties, Ali moved to Chicago, establishing a center there, as well as temples in other major cities. See Azeem Hopkins-Bey, Prophet Noble Drew Ali: Saviour of Humanity (DeWitt: Ali's Men Publishing, 2014). [45], One-third of the members, or 10,000, lived in Chicago, the center of the movement. [64] 13 Drew Ali, A Warning from the Prophet in 1928.. [16] This claim does not align with scientific studies of human history, such as the genetics of African-Americans and genetic history of sub-Saharan Africa. See Edward E. Curtis IV, Debating the Origins of the Moorish Science Temple: Toward a New Cultural History, in The New Black Gods: Arthur Huff Fauset and the Study of African American Religions, ed. In a video that the Moorish Americans later posted online, Butler wearing a camouflage uniform, dark headscarf and a pistol on his hip can be seen approaching the deputies on the side of the road. Everyone who is working on these cases of these Innocent Moorish Americans in the MASSACHUSETTS District court are causing Unjust Acts of Treason. ARTICLE VII He insists Are you a driver? 4 Cover, Robert, The Supreme Court, 1982 Term Foreword: Nomos and Narrative, Harvard Law Review 97, no. American pseudolaw matured around 1999-2000, and, at that point, was hosted by the sovereign citizen movement. Nance, Susan (Summer 2002). He is said to have fainted while working on Drew Ali's automobile and "the sign of the star and crescent [appeared] in his eyes". During the group's apparent three years of. Comm. [12], Chapters 20 through 45 are borrowed from the Rosicrucian work, Unto Thee I Grant with minor changes in style and wording. The word indicated more than one ethnic group. The court entered not guilty pleas on their behalf and some will be back in court on Friday. [32] Others thought it was due to pneumonia. Lamont Maurice El, who is part of the "Moorish Americans," however, had "some experience with the Maryland court system." In 2013, he was convicted of multiple counts related to his attempt to illegally occupy a 12-bedroom mansion in the city of Bethesda. They're US citizens whether they want to be or not. Perkins, p. 186, as well as other less reputable sources. [56][62] Taj Tarik Bey Black and White Is a Legal Status, 8:02. Likewise, the precise date of Drew Ali's move to Chicago is not known, but by 1927 there was already a thriving Moorish Science Temple of America community there. They were given "nationality cards". In the end, a policeman as well as a member were killed in the gun battle, and a second policeman later died of his wounds. He claimed that Islam and its teachings are more beneficial to their earthly salvation, and that their "true nature" had been "withheld" from them. 66 Taj Tariq Bey on the Battlefield, YouTube video, 5:59, posted by BLACKNEW102, October 9, 2012, https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5yGoE78YB0. A writ for inquiring into the lawfulness of the restraint of a person who is imprisoned or detained in anothers custody. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. [24] It was reportedly studied and watched by the Chicago police. It doesn't stand alone. Timothy Drew was believed to have been born on January 8, 1886, in North Carolina, United States. [55] The number of Moorish sovereign citizens is uncertain but possibly ranges between 3,000 and 6,000 organized mostly in small groups of several dozen. The first 19 chapters are from The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ, published in 1908 by esoteric Ohio preacher Levi Dowling. [20] He left the city after agitating people with his views on race. Legislative Branch. <>stream 73 Taj Tariq Bey on the Battlefield, 11:26 and 13:47. i am an original indigenous sovereign moorish american national and i am exercising all my rights at this time and at all points in time, nunc pro tunc. Eleven heavily armed "sovereign citizens" on their way to a training exercise in Maine were arrested Saturday morning in the Boston suburb of Wakefield after their presence triggered a shelter-in-place order and a shutdown of the highway. According to the biography, the high priest trained Ali in mysticism and gave him a "lost section" of the Quran. In the traditions he founded, male members of the Temple wear a fez or turban as head covering; women wear a turban. Edward E. Curtis IV and Danielle Brune Sigler (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009), 7090. They were nicknamed "negroes." It is unclear whether he officially joined or was instead rejected by its members. But then of course, they also claim that the protections of the Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America does apply to them, even though seemingly every other US law does not. Recounting a history of the uses of the term Moor, he explains that \"Andalusi Arabic sourcesas opposed to later mudjar and morisco sources in Aljamiadoneither refer to individuals as Moors nor recognize any such group, community or culture\". It would seem likely that at some point in the near future the conservative US Supreme court knocks down all or most state laws regulating gun ownership. The founders must have really loved Morocco so much to carve out a very specific exception in a treaty written in 1786 that would tie in a law that didn't exist until 1791. Published online by Cambridge University Press: On September 25, 1929, Kirkman Bey's wife reported to the Chicago police his apparent kidnapping by one Ira Johnson. The Moorish Science Temple of America was founded in Newark, N.J., in 1913 by Timothy Drew, a North Carolina native who changed his name to Noble Drew Ali and proclaimed himself a prophet. Some new information about the Canaanite Temple is still being uncovered. Noble Drew Ali, The Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America, the Foundations of a Nation (Lexington: Department of Supreme Wisdom, 2011), 12829. (Doc. 18 Hopkins-Bey, What Makes One a Moorish American?. Fellow travelers follow similar tactics, like Randy Stroud of http://sovereigntactics.org/. Demographic and cultural changes have decreased the attraction of young people to the Moorish Science Temple. The quick expansion of the Moorish Science Temple arose in large part from the search for identity and context among black Americans at the time of the Great Migration to northern and midwestern cities, as they were becoming an urbanized people.[6]. Noble Drew Ali had several wives. [67][68], In 2005, musician Roy "Future Man" Wooten pleaded guilty to income tax evasion, after having been indicted on charges in 2001 that he had not filed or paid taxes between 1995 and 1998. in their present condition of their endeavorment in which they themselves try to force upon a civilized world, they will not refrain from their sinful ways of action and their deeds have brought jim-crowism, segregation, and everything that brings harm to human beings on earth. Four people who identified as Moorish American indigenous people filed separate lawsuits the same month against the Providence Police Department, accusing officers of violating their rights by. Any studied Moor, or individual that understands the principles of nationality should equally understand the principles of sovereignty for they are one in the same. "Mystery of the Moorish Science Temple: Southern Blacks and American Alternative Spirituality in 1920s Chicago". [4] Adherents of this movement are known as "Moorish-American Moslems" and are called "Moorish Scientists" in some circles. The Massachusetts police got into a standoff with several members of an armed group on Friday night, which continued into Saturday morning, July 3, causing a closure of a part of Interstate 95 overnight and a shelter-in-place order for parts of the communities of Wakefield and Reading. I've gone down that rabbit hole a couple of times in researching Moorish claims and it's just amazing how they keep pointing to things like some modern day Vizzini. In early 1929, following a conflict over funds, Claude Green-Bey, the business manager of Chicago Temple No. The Moorish Science Temple of America is an American national and religious organization founded by Noble Drew Ali (born as Timothy Drew) in the early twentieth century. In religious texts, adherents refer to themselves racially as "Asiatics", as the Middle East is also western Asia. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. 33 Bandele El Amin, Nationality, Birthrights, and Jurisprudence: New Social & Cultural Blueprint for Melaninated Indigenous People (n.p. (1997). Blakemore, Jerome; Yolanda Mayo; Glenda Blakemore (2006). The Moorish Science Temple of America is an American national and religious organization founded by Noble Drew Ali (born as Timothy Drew) in the early twentieth century. Moorish Science Temple of America is a part of the Indiginous Nation Moorish American Republic all of this nationals are . Drew Ali taught that the earth's original single continent, called Amexem, was inhabited entirely by Moors. 70 Pictures of Our Moorish Supreme Court of Equity and Truth, Moor News (blog), Moorish Science Temple, November 9, 2012, http://moorishamericannationalrepublic.com/news_categories/moor-news/page/9/. A federal judge in Boston yesterday dismissed an effort by one of the people involved in that armed standoff on Rte. The movement expanded rapidly during the late 1920s. According to Ali, this area included other countries that today surround Morocco. [44], Despite the turmoil and defections, the movement continued to grow in the 1930s. 28 Sharif A. Bey, The Blueprint: Moorish Musings on Noble Drew Ali's Divine Plan of the Age (DeWitt: Ali's Men Publishing, n.d.) (This source is not paginated.). American religion Moorish Science Temple of America. [51] Fort reportedly hoped that an apparent affiliation with a religious organization would discourage law enforcement. Indeed, El-Amin is one of the more prom inent and prolific sovereign Moorish theorists. [52], In 1984 the Chicago congregation bought a building from Buddhist monks in Ukrainian Village, which continues to be used for Temple No. The term initially denoted a specific Berber people in westernLibya, but the name acquired more general meaning during the medieval period, associated with \"Muslim\", similar to associations with \"Saracens\". See Robert Dannin, Black Pilgrimage to Islam, photographs by Jolie Stahl (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 32. 4 Robert Cover, "The Supreme Court, 1982 Term - Foreword: Nomos and Narrative," Harvard Law Review 97, no. The founding of the Nation of Islam by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 also created competition for members. In his A Warning from the Prophet in 1928, he calls upon all nationsall racesto help him in his project of uplifting his own Moors: So, I, the Prophet, am hereby calling aloud with a Divine plea to all true American citizens to help me to remove this great sin which has been committed and is being practiced by my people in the United States of America, because they know it is not the true and Divine way and without understanding they have fallen from the true light into utter darkness of sin, and there is not a nation on earth today that will recognize them socially, religiously, politically or economically, etc. Moorish American released under consular jurisdiction at CHARLES COUNTY DISTRICT COURT on 6-17-2021 - YouTube 0:00 / 23:41 Moorish American released under consular jurisdiction at CHARLES. To join the movement, individuals had to proclaim their "Moorish nationality". It is also known as the "Circle Seven Koran" because of its cover, which features a red "7" surrounded by a blue circle. [69] He was affiliated with the Washitaw Nation, and before his guilty plea had been judged possibly incapable of assisting in his own defense after filing incomprehensible sovereign citizen paperwork with the court. El-Amin's name is not consistently hyphenated in his publications. The men claim to be part of a group called "The Rise of The Moors - The Moorish American Arms." It ended around 10:15 a.m. with a total of 11 people being taken into custody and charged. [50] Scholars are divided over the nature of the relationship, if any, between El Rukn and the Moorish Science Temple of America. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. The group published several magazines: one was the Moorish Guide National. 9. CORPORATION, styled as, "COUNTY OF" POLK and "STATE OF" FLORIDA CORPORATION's ("unsanctioned corporate pseudo court4") to the Constitutional Article III . ", Blakemore, et al. sumus de sanktam unum. July 6, 2021. Some also believe that Black Americans are indigenous to the United States. The Moorish, who were the ancient Moabites, and the founders of the Holy City of Mecca. The article also quotes an academic who has been advising authorities on how to distinguish registered Temple members from impostors in the sovereign citizen movement. In medievalRomance languages, variations of theLatinword for the Moors (for instance,ItalianandSpanish:moro,French:maure,Portuguese:mouro,Romanian:maur) developed different applications and connotations. Each court is open to all citizens, nationals, and entities throughout the entire Dominion Empire. Propria Persona, Sui Juri, has identified herself as an aboriginal Moorish American national, and a citizen of the Moorish National Republic Federal Government, Northwest Africa, and as participant in the Moorish Divine and National Movement of the World-the North Gate. He is interested in both common definition and legal definition of any given word, though he cautions, Legalese is its own separate language from common adage. He provides another example, stating, Right and license are antithetical to each other, if you consider their legal meanings. 128 to move his case to federal court, declaring that his argument that he is a "Moor" not subject to Massachusetts criminal law is bunk, or in legal terms, "frivolous." These actions are manifesting in front of the daughter and wife of Jamhal Talib Abdullah Bey (photo below). He urged Americans of all races to reject hate and embrace love. 22054, Timothy Drew, issued July 25, 1929, Office of Cook County Clerk, Cook County, Illinois". They typically believe that there are two types of citizens: natural citizens and Fourteenth Amendment citizens. i am an original indigenous sovereign moorish american national and i am exercising all my rights at this time and at all points in time, nunc pro tunc. 1 Bandele El-Amin, Moors, Moabite and Man: Reflection and Redemption (Middletown: Indigenous Peoples, 2011), 72. [21] Drew Ali and his followers migrated, while planting congregations in Philadelphia; Washington, D.C., and Detroit. Corporation Act (805 ILCS 110/); Conveyances Act (765 ILCS 5/); Notice by Publication Act. [71][72][73] An Instagram account belonging to the group says its goal is to continue the work of Noble Drew Ali. when the Romans invaded North Africa. That's a pretty common theme in their legal rantings - like the supposed Congressional repeal of the 14th amendment on a specific day (which was, in fact, just one good ol' boy from Louisiana whining about Loving v. Virginia in a speech preserved by the Congressional Record). Nelson-Bey. 16 March 2016. Montivilliers Abbey (French: Abbaye de Montivilliers; Latin: Monasterium Villare) is a former Benedictine nunnery, founded between 682 and 684 (1339 years ago) () by Saint Philibert in the town of Montivilliers in Normandy, in the present department of Seine-Maritime, France.It was suppressed during the French Revolution, but many buildings, including the church, have survived. See also, Robert B. Vale, Islam Calls in Lombard St., Philadelphia Sunday News, October 21, 1934, which details how thousands flock to see the Chicago mystic who proclaimed himself as a reincarnation of both Muhammad and Drew Ali. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The Southern Poverty Law Center says the Moorish sovereign citizen movement, a larger collection of independent organizations and individuals, is "an offshoot of the anti-government sovereign. Moorish-Americans follow a blend of Islam shaped by the movement's founder Noble Drew Ali. As a sovereign, Stroud argues that the United States is a corporation. Choose My Signature. According to Turner (p. 92), Ford El, also known as Abdul Wali Farad Muhammad Ali, unsuccessfully challenged Drew Ali in Newark in 1914. It might not be these nuts that make it before the court but it's not unreasonable to think the crimes they are charged with will no longer be valid within a few years. The file that the FBI created on the temple grew to 3,117 pages during its lifetime. Merriam Webster Dictionary 1828, moors / muurs the ab original and indigenous natural peoples, and true inheritors of the lands (territories), central america, south america, and the adjoining islands. They were nicknamed negroes. If you look in some dictionaries you will see that the word negro means a sly person; a coon. MOORS KNOW THE LAW: SOVEREIGN LEGAL DISCOURSE IN Assistant Professor of Religious Studies, Centenary College of Louisiana, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. In September 1953, the Department of Justice determined that prosecution was not warranted for the alleged violations. Citations use the form indicated by the title page of the work cited. The brave Moorish American Quinn Khabir El on the photo above being UNLAWFULLY Detained. 88 Wessinger, How the Millennium Comes Violently, 160. During the 1930s and 1940s, continued surveillance by police (and later the FBI) caused the Moors to become more withdrawn and critical of the government.[46]. all rise and stand and remain standing so you can hear and obey the commands from the living sovereign justices of the moorish american consulate of the moorish national republic federal government, as this is the sovereign living article iii moorish american (al moroccan) consular court action. A Moorish American cannot be convicted on false accusation-frame-up charges.The evidence against a Moorish American must be concrete proof beyond the shadow of doubt. 23 Moorish America, We Are All One Family Bearing One Free National Name, Moorish American News, December 24, 2013, http://moorishamericannews.com/we-are-all-one-family-bearing-one-free-national-name#sthash.Mke8GJHg.dpbs. They called the inhabitants they met there Maures from the Greek word mauros, meaning dark or black. the judge spent the last few years building up an immunity to their iocane powder bullshit. "Respectability and Representation: The Moorish Science Temple, Morocco and Black Public Culture in 1920s Chicago", Scopino, A. J. Jr. (2001). Also quoted by Nance (2002, p. 659, note 84) with a reference to "Cult Leader Dies; Was in Murder Case". Moorish Americans, also known as Moorish sovereign citizens, believe themselves to be the inheritors of a fictitious empire that they say stretched from the present-day kingdom of Morocco to North America, with Mexico and Atlantis thrown in for good measure. Such work of words can produce shocking results: Let's look up what a monster is, he says, but he pushes deeper into the definition to find the strand he needs. The federal agency later investigated the organization in 1953 for violation of the Selective Service Act of 1948 and sedition. Moor is a term applied from the outside, by Europeans, yet \"unlike relatively stable terms of Roman provenance inherited by Christians such as Arab, Ishmaelite and Saracen,\" the significance of the term varies in particular historical moments and shifts over time. 7 Noble Drew Ali, A Warning from the Prophet in 1928 (Chicago: Young Men Moorish National Business League, 1928). During the 1940s, the Moorish Science Temple (specifically the Kirkman Bey faction) came to the attention of the FBI, who investigated claims of members committing subversive activities by adhering to and spreading of Japanese propaganda. Abdat, Fathie Ali, Before the Fez: The Life and Times of Drew Ali, 18861924, Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Religion 5, no. Among the many individuals and groups espousing affiliation with the Moorish Science Temple of America movement, some continue founding prophet Noble Drew Ali's emphasis on engaging in American citizenship as a religious duty, while others interpret the prophet's scriptures to lend authority to claims of being outside the jurisdiction of American legal authority. sumus de sanktam unum. 19 Arthur Fauset, Black Gods of the Metropolis: Negro Religious Cults of the Urban North (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944), 4151. [53], On July 15, 2019, Philadelphia mayor Jim Kenney, as part of a diversity program, proclaimed July 15 to be "Morocco Day". Decide on what kind of eSignature to create. Pax et Amor Consultations with YeSharon Akasha El Rose Bey Photo: Moorish American movement Rabat - Two defendants in a Friday court case in the Charles County circuit court in Maryland objected to most questions from a judge as part of their. The 1911Encyclopdia Britannicaobserved that \"The term 'Moors' has no real ethnological value.\" Europeans of theMiddle Agesand theearly modern periodvariously applied the name to Arabs, North African Berbers, as well as Muslim Europeans. In the 1930s membership was estimated at 30,000, with one third in Chicago. A man who declared himself a "sovereign citizen" as a result of his "Moorish" heritage is in fact not a sovereign citizen who is exempt from taxes, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals wrote in a Friday opinion that delved into the history of the Moorish-American movement that has been the source of "difficult litigation." African Americans who hold sovereign citizen-type beliefs sometimes refer to themselves as moors or muurs.. Based on idiosyncratic readings of the Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights . moorish american consular court. White supremacist Moorish Americans, also known as Moorish sovereign citizens, believe themselves to be the inheritors of a fictitious empire that they say stretched from the present-day kingdom of Morocco to. THE MOORISH SUPREME COURT, et al., Plaintiffs/Appellants, v. THE SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, et al., Defendants/Appellees. The whole thing. Have any historical-sociological studies been conducted that measured the frequency, in proportionate terms of fakes to general population, over many decades? Create your eSignature and click Ok. Press Done. It is estimated that membership in the 1930s reached 30,000. The term has also been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims in general, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in Spain or North Africa. View all Google Scholar citations He alleged his arrest was unlawful and filed a federal lawsuit against the police, which was dismissed after he tried to pay the court fees with a silver coin, saying U.S. currency was unconstitutional because it was "not backed by anything of value".[75]. Nash (p. 167) says Fort did join the Milwaukee temple.

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