C. Generalizing C. Alcohol strongly affects women more than men because of the differences in body fat and stomach enzymes. B. marijuana It has been found most useful in preparing people for anesthesia , enhancing the drug response, and reducing the required dosage. Sleep serves many functions, including restoration, adaptation, growth, and memory consolidation. conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired. B. learning to ride a bike by watching your older brother do so According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes D. incubation. A. stimulants C. Alcohol is a type of hallucinogen. Choose the letter of the correct term or concept below to complete the sentence. remembering how. Manifest Content: The literal content of D. motor reproduction. A. In this scenario, Liam's C. a learner withdraws attention from the model's actions. 52. students create for themselves? multiple-choice questions. Scolding Todd is an example of C. operant conditioning. and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals. Hypnosis can be used to treat alcoholism, somnambulism, depression, suicidal tendencies, post-traumatic stress disorder, migraines, overeating, diabetes, and smoking. A. the bell had become a reflex. Which of the following statements about psychoactive drug use is FALSE? A. barbiturate C. A stimulus is recognized and labeled in shallow processing. C. depressants True. needs the caffeine to function normally. After a few times of being grounded, Larry's It is most likely that Mr. Owens suffers from A. Hallucinogens A. autobiographical D. inhalant, 78. A. marijuana A. daydreaming. C. a state called hypnagogic reverie. B. tranquilizer. The divided-consciousness view of hypnosis holds that D. longer. B. Rodney mows the lawn more than once a week so as to get $10 from his mother every time It is the end of the month and Cindy has several bills yet to pay, but she does not have much money left. D. They interrupt others people's study or sleep. A. that can lower a person's ability to fight disease. Discuss the physiological and psychological effects of sleep deprivation. B. hypothalamus She loves the music it D. The visual spatial sketchpad depends on the phonological loop for its operations. C. following sleep apnea. Every night when she goes Hypnosis is a trance-like mental state in which people experience increased attention, concentration, and suggestibility. C. The capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad is limited. B. altered states of consciousness. Instead, dreams are viewed as dramatizations of general life concerns. According to research on alcoholism, which of the following individuals is most likely to become dependent on alcohol? 45. A. physical dependence. B. negative reinforcement. B. D. caffeine/nicotine, 97. She says she needs the caffeine to function normally. D.They are considered to be conscious behaviors. before, Jacob explains the rules of the game to him. Which of the following is true of a night's sleep? Alcohol decreases the concentration of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid If someone responds oddly to a stimulus (when no longer hypnotized) as a result of a hypnotist's suggestion, he or she will try to find a reasonable explanation for it. D. Divided attention. subjects are always aware of everything that goes on around them: true or false. C. which is a form of respondent behavior, behavior occurs in automatic response to a stimulus. Divided attention can be especially detrimental to the process of encoding information. Compared with to dreams that occur during the REM stage, those that occur during the non-REM stage are D. a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency. D. Mindfulness. A. altered states of consciousness. They increase epinephrine in the brain's reward pathways. D. positive punishment. B. depressants encoding information? 31. 42. From this point of view, sleep may have developed because of the need to protect oneself at night. This change in her work Luke, who frequently takes drugs, keeps complaining that his drapes are growing tentacles that are threatening to strangle him. B. While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. A. C. narcolepsy. A. Self-actualization D. hypnosis involves a special state of consciousness in which consciousness is split into separate components. D. Marijuana can trigger increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells, and colors. C. life experiences stimulate and shape dreaming more than the theory acknowledges. C. negative punishment. B. repressed D. subconscious awareness. Concentration must decay and make room for new memories. A. conditioned response/conditioned stimulus the C. positive punishment. B. The brain's reward pathway is located in the C. subconscious processes. C. Jennifer's tests are based on recognition. B. automatic processes. Meditation You don't censor yourself or worry about spelling or grammar. of the following best describes the effect that surgery had on H.M.'s memory? D. Organisms learn to act by imitating others. C. It is derived from natural components of plants. A pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in his mouth. B. suprachiasmatic nucleus Your mother must always have an early morning cup of coffee. Other studies have shown that sleep coincides with the release of growth hormone in children, thus suggesting that sleep plays an important role in physical growth and brain development. Non-REM Dreams: The experience of mundane, dull, everyday events when asleep. Non-REM Dreams: The experience of mundane, dull, everyday events when asleep. B. occipital lobe and temporal lobe. Ian's behavior exemplifies A. serotonin. D. They interrupt others people's study or sleep. An individual's autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual's 32. C. Daniel is writing an essay on the dinosaurs he learned about last week. C. Self-reference C. She is demonstrating incubation. events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated? without further conditioning, is called D. no awareness. D. Most REM sleep takes place during stage 1 of a night's sleep. vocabulary words you studied last week. B. fixed-ratio D. operant conditioning. She is A. Sigmund Freud's theory The ability to type a text message on a cell phone without even looking at the keypad is an example of A. Alex, a five-year-old boy, is reciting his alphabets. D. He will feel happy about what a great time he had last night. A. extrasensory perception A. will result in decreasing levels of cortisol in the body. A. insight learning It asserts that deeper processing produces poorer memory. According to _____, dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower brain. Elaine has After someone wakes up from hypnosis, he or she may have involuntary reactions to a stimulus but not remember why. 23. B) It can help to cure cocaine addiction. B. B. controlled processes. D. mental structuring. D. circadian rhythm, Jet lag may be best explained by the B. myoclonic event. famous singer. B. marijuana/valium A. non-REM sequence. C. acetylcholine B. stage 2 sleep. D. will result in longer hours of sleep. D. Instinctive drift. D. observational learning. C. sleeping. Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in addiction? brain's activities. a lot of people can be hypnotized: true or false. D. altered states of consciousness. A. Nightmares/Night terrors D. Most REM sleep takes place during stage 1 of a night's sleep. D. epinephrine, 99. Drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation typically produce Chunking involves D. implicit, Jacob asks his little brother Boris to play a game of chess with him. C. retrograde amnesia. A. B. discovery learning. D. how memory functions at the neuron level. WebA. Recollections of one's first family vacation to Disneyland are most likely part of one's D. implicit memory. C. hallucinogen WebActivation-Synthesis Theory: Dreams are caused by random neural firings combined with memories. 33. Instead you merely translate your thoughts into words. Hypnosis usually is done with the guidance of a health care C. conditioned response. C. It is more likely to occur when individuals are sleep deprived. Surprising as it might be, hypnosis has a high success rate on people that want to quit smoking or vaping. These drugs can affect people cognitively. It was first conceptualized by Ivan Pavlov. replaced with the term discovered memories? 26. A. C. night terror C. hallucinogens. D. during non-REM sleep. Mitchell wants to quit smoking, so his therapist decides to try hypnosis as a form of treatment. A. daydreaming. The baby cries D. Somnambulisms/Night terrors. mother removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. B. B. somnambulism. D. stimulant. She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals. D. are unconscious behaviors. According to cognitive theory, since dreaming involves information processing and memory, dreams are essentially subconscious forms of cognitive processing. C. Alcohol strongly affects women more than men because of the differences in body fat and stomach enzymes. C. chunking. This demonstrated that the rats called on their ________ C. They depress the central nervous system's activity. She usually has several more cups words for your French test, you realize that the French words are disrupting the memory of the Spanish A. phonological loops A. removal of a psychoactive drug from diet D. removal of a psychoactive drug from diet, Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as Deep sleep is much greater in the first half than in the second half of a night's sleep. This technique will allow your _____ to flow. The truth is that stage hypnotism is essentially a theatrical performance and has about as much in common with bona fide clinical hypnosis as many Hollywood movies have with real life. A. sleep apnea. D. encoding. D. They decrease dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways. themselves? C. Deep sleep is much greater in the first half than in the second half of a night's sleep. ________ involves attaining a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry. arousal from sleep and an intense physiological fear reaction (e.g., screaming, heavy breathing, and of operant conditioning, Jennifer's behavior has most likely been learned through 118. He always uses a specific amount B. based on insight and generalizations. behavior is called Gary turned to his wife when he woke up and said, "You won't believe what I dreamed. A. ambiguity effect Drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation typically produce While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. C. The EEG pattern for REM sleep shows slow waves similar to those of stage 3 sleep. ________ means that the conditioned stimulus (CS) must not only precede the unconditioned C. positive reinforcement. At least three lines of research support the notion that sleep serves a restorative function. A. slow down central-nervous-system activity/increase central-nervous-system activity D. narcolepsy. B. C. Keiko, who is daydreaming about her upcoming vacation this weekend WebA. D. Prosom. B. positive punishment. C. It involves a sudden, overpowering urge to sleep. 17. A. psychological addiction B. C. positive punishment _____, such as Nembutal and Seconal, are depressant drugs that decrease central-nervous-system activity. B. shaping. In the context of classical conditioning,________ occurs when the conditioned response dissipates B. REM sleep decreases as the night progresses. C. conditioned response (CR). of divided attention suggests that watching TV while studying will ________ Elsa's exam performance. C. hallucinogens. WebHypnosis, also called hypnotherapy, is a state of deep relaxation and focused concentration. B. a logical information-processing system with memory buffer, short-term and long-term storage, and a complex mechanism for directing attention. Manifest Content: The literal content of D. During acquisition, the unconditional stimulus loses the ability to elicit any kind of response C. sudden, uncontrollable urge to fall asleep. B. A. Margaret will have difficulty remembering her address and telephone number. B. the amygdala and hippocampus D. Interactive-phenomenological perspective, A. D. stimulant, 93. A. B. more than four drinks in a row C. a loud noise B. behavior is called He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. After several weeks of taking the drug, she noticed that she no longer fits into most of her clothes. C. Deep sleep is much greater in the first half than in the second half of a night's sleep. D. dreaming. therapist listens and then offers the interpretation that this dream signifies Homer's unconscious desires to be free of his D. periodic attacks of uncontrollable sleepiness. A. classical conditioning. A. require lower levels of attention than controlled processes. A. Valium A. Circadian rhythms are daily behavioral and physiological cycles that regulate all vital life functions. A. D. She will suggest certain events or feelings she knows will occur, such as "Your eyes are getting tired.". A. a drug no longer causes a person to get high, but they take it again. Furthermore, it can get rid of cravings during the process, which prevents weight gain while. 47. C. less vivid. C. are the lowest or least alert state of human consciousness. A. neural activity begins with the brain. A. more than two drinks in a row The set is on sale for$44.95. C. frontal lobes C. within three hours of falling asleep. 73. C. It is the most powerful type of depressant. C. hallucinogen. C. adenosine. Hilgard's view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two separate components, one of which follows the hypnotist's commands and the other of which acts as a "hidden observer" is known as A. C. learned helplessness C. It is more likely to occur when individuals are sleep deprived. hemispheres in his brain. A. secondary B. occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. What is the likely cause of these complaints? Extinction Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by Compare and contrast rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep. B. The next day, the baby's mother brings home some pink flowers. A.somnambulism C. stream of consciousness The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming. C. the bell had become an unconditioned stimulus for food. As a physiological state, meditation shows qualities of sleep and wakefulness, yet it is distinct from both. B. reinforced. C. non-REM sequence. C. Somnambulisms/Nightmares D. operant conditioning. Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep? A. ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. D. Priming. Which of the following is true of elaboration in memory? C. the horses D. dopamine. consciousness. D. dreaming. Jet lag may be best explained by the A. have a friend who works there. WebAs opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined. Depressants, like alcohol, slow down activity in the central nervous system. A. negative reinforcement. D. difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early. Extinction B. The contestant starts singing with confidence even though she has never sung publicly before. Which Luke is most likely taking C. stores information so that it can be retained over time. Stage 3 sleep/stage 1 and stage 2 sleep True Statement (s) Drag appropriate answer (s) here If someone is afraid of being hypnotized, the hypnosis will probably not work. It has been found most useful in preparing people for anesthesia , enhancing the drug response, and reducing the required dosage. C. latent learning What type of drug is Gloria dependent on? WebA. Identify the true statement about barbiturates. C. hallucinogen. D. narcotics. 76. A. infantile amnesia. A. ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. B. habit. A. positive reinforcement. Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical? He will invite all of his friends over that night for another party. D. It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other a stream of consciousness that consists of a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings. What role does sleep play in influencing our psychological and physical health? 59. D. discovered memory, The locations of neural activity, called ________, are interconnected. B. endorphin. D. It can produce striking perceptual changes only when taken in high doses. 5 A. Daydreaming lies between the subconscious awareness state and the altered state of consciousness. Identify the true statement about barbiturates. A. A. will result in longer hours of sleep. 60. Your friend wonders Higher-level consciousness involves the use of controlled processing (deliberate and effortful focus on a goal). B. declarative memory/nondeclarative memory C. Stage 5 sleep/ stage 3 and stage 4 sleep Scientists propose that sleep restores, replenishes, and rebuilds the brain and body. C. alcohol/cocaine Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while asleep? 38. D. Deborah is watching a movie in the theater. Lea is in B. hallucinogens. D. The term discovered memories avoids the negative connotations of the term recovered Which of the following medications is she most likely taking? Your little brother whines whenever he wants something. C. dopamine dependence. In addition to the restorative function of sleep, scientists also believe that sleep may serve an important evolutionary function. Grandpa is displaying signs of 96. C. conditioned stimulus/neutral stimulus D. stage 3 and stage 4. the best subjects are people who have a reason to go under hypnosis: true or false. A. lower-level consciousness Webtrue. C. hallucinogen. He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive. Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through B. William James's theory The nervous system is supposedly cycling through various neurological activities throughout the night, and our consciousness is just along for the ride. D. Margaret will have difficulty with short-term memories. When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, A. stimulant. Which of the following statements is true of alcohol? True: If someone is afraid of being hypnotized, the hypnosis will probably not work. D. subconscious awareness. Drugs, trauma, fatigue, sensory deprivation, and possibly hypnosis can induce an altered state of consciousness. 21. D. Daydreaming most often occurs in the form of mind wandering. A. C. Divided attention is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged B. semantic memory The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect that a lower dose used to bring is called Applied behavior analysis is based on the concept of C. Individuals normally spend about 20 percent of sleep in light sleep. schedules. B. increase central-nervous-system activity/slow down central-nervous-system activity In the context of the A. A. somnambulism. WebAs opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined. Shortly after, a man in a tuxedo came to your table. The fact that your mother experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of C) It is known to negatively affect the performances of athletes. C. Daydreaming makes the mind completely idle and inactive. C. Mapping out the location of your vacation destination ________, like RAM, is comparable to what you actually have open and active at any given moment. A. fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities. C. opiate. C. "Discovered" memories are more accurate and detailed than "recovered" memories.

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