You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. Click the title for location and availability information. Plutarch, writing much . To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. He brought Pompeii under siege. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. The collection currently contains . Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. Wikipedia entry. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. Historical documents : how to read them. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. 719-549-2333. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. Tweet. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Website. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. 82 BC. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Primary Sources Sallust. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. What Is a Primary Source? [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. N.S. He can hardly have been in any doubt. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Pueblo, CO 81001. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . Revised on November 11, 2022. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history: Sulla is a central character in the first three, Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the, His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. Church and W. J. Brodribb. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. The Acropolis was then besieged. The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. Find these with these special Subject terms. Gill. They had, however, fallen on hard times. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. Archives; Correspondence Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. Roman military leaders. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare.

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